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Understanding neutrino interactions is crucial for obtaining a complete picture of particle physics and the universe. To date, neutrino interaction cross sections have not been measured at high energy above some hundred gigaelectronvolts at particle colliders. Now, researchers have obtained the first direct observation of electron and muon neutrino interactions in the Teraelectronvolt range at CERN's Large Hadron Collider, using the FASER detector. This study marks a significant step for particle physics research.

With GROVER, a new large language model trained on human DNA, researchers could now attempt to decode the complex information hidden in our genome. GROVER treats human DNA as a text, learning its rules and context to draw functional information about the DNA sequences.

A growing body of AI tools screen how people talk, searching for subtle changes that could indicate mental health concerns like depression or anxiety. A study finds that these tools don't perform consistently across people from different genders and races.

New findings on how sharks achieve drag reduction could inspire the design of riblets for more efficient aircraft and boats. In their investigation of great white shark denticles, researchers found that ridge height and spacing play crucial roles in drag reduction at different swimming speeds. Higher middle ridges aid sharks in efficient cruising at slower speeds, while the lower side ridges become more critical for drag reduction during high-speed hunting bursts. The analysis also suggests that the speeds of an extinct giant shark, megalodon, may not much differ from those of the white shark.

Researchers send entangled photons and laser pulses of the same color over a single optical fiber for the first time.

A team developed a new microscopy technique that uses electrical pulses to track the nanosecond dynamics within a material that is known to form charge density waves. Controlling these waves may lead to faster and more energy-efficient electronics.

A team developed a new microscopy technique that uses electrical pulses to track the nanosecond dynamics within a material that is known to form charge density waves. Controlling these waves may lead to faster and more energy-efficient electronics.

A low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet is linked to greater fat loss than a low-sugar diet, but also higher cholesterol levels

Over 5,000 exoplanets have been discovered around distant star systems. Protoplanetary disks have been discovered too and it’s these, out of which all planetary systems form. Such disks have recently been found in two binary star systems. The stellar components in one have a separation of 14 astronomical units (the average distance between the Earth and Sun is one astronomical unit) and the other system has a separation of 22 astronomical units. Studying systems like these allow us to see how the stars of a binary system interact and how they can distort protoplanetary disks.

The discovery of planetary systems around other stars has changed our view of the universe and how stellar systems evolve. The first confirmed detection occurred in 1995 and since then, advanced telescopes and detection techniques have enabled the detection of thousands of exoplanets. Space missions like Kepler and TESS have helped to categorise the planets and have identified large gas planets to Earth-sized rocky worlds, some in their star’s habitable zone. Protoplanetary disks have also been studied and so our understanding of the formation of planetary systems has improved markedly since. 

Artist’s impression of a young star surrounded by a protoplanetary disc made of gas and dust. According to new research, ring-shaped, turbulent disturbances (substructures) in the disk lead to the rapid formation of several gas and ice giants. Credit: LMU / Thomas Zankl, crushed eyes media

The disks of gas and dust around stars have been known to be the precursor to planetary systems for some years. What has been uncertain is the conditions that allow the disk to remain long enough for planets to form and what can lead to their early dissipation. 

An announcement of protoplanetary disks around young binary stars was announced at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society by a team of researchers from National Radio Observatory. They used the Atacama Large Millimetre/sub-millimetre Array otherwise known as ALMA and the near-infrared capability of the Keck II 10 metre telescope. ALMA has been setup in the Atacama Desert at an altitude of 5,000 metres so that the air is clear and dry. It’s composed of 66 antennae all working together as an interferometer to study the coldest and most distant objects in the universe.

Two of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) 12-metre antennas (Credit : Iztok Bon?ina/ESO)

The disks around pre-main sequence binary stars as announced provides an excellent opportunity to study the disks and try to find answers to the questions. The team explored the disk sizes, structure and inclination in relation to the star’s rotation speed and magnetic field strength to try and understand the complex processes at play. Binary and multiple star systems like the DF Tau and FO Tau binary system that were the target of the study are common making an excellent case study. 

DF Tau is a binary quasi-twin star system with component separation of 14 astronomical units with elongated orbits. ALMA detected two circumstellar cool dust disks with one locked magnetically to the star and accreting material onto it. The inner disk seems to have largely eroded and decoupled from the rapidly rotating star. This suggests a link between the rotation of the star, magnetic disk locking and the resultant early disk dissipation. Misalignment of the orbits and disks could impact the evolution of the disk. FO Tau is slightly different where the disks are aligned with the binary orbit, the stars have modest rotation speeds and seem to be magnetically locked to their disks.

ALMA has afforded high resolution images revealing fine levels of disk sub-structures which include spiral patterns, gaps and ring formations around single stars and wide binary companions. It cannot yet resolve detail in the disks of DF Tau and FO Tau systems, to be able to determine disk properties in close binary systems marks a step forward in our understanding of planetary formation.

Source : ALMA Observations Reveal New Insights into Planet Formation in Binary Star Systems

The post Astronomers See Planets Forming Around Binary Stars appeared first on Universe Today.

There are secrets aplenty in a pot of honey – from information about bees' "micro-bee-ota" to DNA from the environment – that can help us fight food fraud and even monitor shifts in climate

A robot mimics the clever fin-folding mechanism used by tuna fish, which increased the bot's turning velocity by almost 33 per cent

Astronomers have been spotting strange banana-shaped galaxies and the evidence seems to indicate that filaments of dark matter make them take this shape

Ever since COVID-19 first emerged in 2020, evidence-free claims that it had arisen due to a "lab leak" have proliferated. A recent paper argues that this conspiracy theory has been very harmful to science. I argue that it's more than just lab leak that is harmful.

The post How conspiracy theories like COVID-19 “lab leak” harm science and public health first appeared on Science-Based Medicine.

Trees in Beijing lit by streetlights at night seem to have tougher leaves and less damage from insects, raising concerns about possible effects on biodiversity

by Greg Mayer

In Jerry’s absence, I’m relaying an item from the New York Times that he may not see right away:

I early noted Pamela Paul’s perspicacity, and Jerry has taken note of her views a number of times. It’s in the paper of record, so it must be true!

Money quote:

Only in truly knowing and accepting one another, do we achieve deep love.

Yes, what I’m saying is that cats are more like people. As with humans, so with cats, who can be adored but not mastered; responsive, but never controlled; truly loved only with mutual acceptance and respect. And why expect more from our animals than we would wish for ourselves?

https://traffic.libsyn.com/secure/sciencesalon/mss453_Greg_Eghigian_2024_08_03.mp3 Download MP3

Roswell, 1947. Washington, DC, 1952. Quarouble, 1954. New Hampshire, 1961. Pascagoula, 1973. Petrozavodsk, 1977. Copley Woods, 1983.

Explore how sightings of UFOs and aliens seized the world’s attention and discover what the fascination with flying saucers and extraterrestrial visitors says about our changing views on science, technology, and the paranormal.

In the summer of 1947, a private pilot flying over the state of Washington saw what he described as several pie pan-shaped aircraft traveling in formation at remarkably high speed. Within days, journalists began referring to the objects as “flying saucers.” Over the course of that summer, Americans reported seeing them in the skies overhead. News quickly spread, and within a few years, flying saucers were being spotted across the world. The question on everyone’s mind was, what were they? Some new super weapon in the Cold War? Strange weather patterns? Optical illusions? Or perhaps it was all a case of mass hysteria? Some, however, concluded they could only be one thing: spacecrafts built and piloted by extraterrestrials. The age of the unidentified flying object, the UFO, had arrived.

Greg Eghigian tells the story of the world’s fascination with UFOs and the prospect that they were the work of visitors from outer space. While accounts of great wonders in the sky date back to antiquity, reports of UFOs took place against the unique backdrop of the Cold War and space age, giving rise to disputed government inquiries, breathtaking news stories, and single-minded sleuths. After the Flying Saucers Came traces how a seemingly isolated incident sparked an international drama involving shady figures, questionable evidence, suspicions of conspiracy, hoaxes, new religions, scandals, unsettling alien encounters, debunkers, and celebrities. It examines how descriptions, theories, and debates about unidentified flying objects and alien abduction changed over time and how they appeared in the United States, Europe, Latin America, Asia, and Russia. And it explores the impact UFOs have had on our understanding of space, science, technology, and ourselves up through the present day.

Replete with stories of the people who have made up the ufology community, the military and defense units that investigate them, the scientists and psychologists who have researched these unexplained encounters, and the many novels, movies, TV shows, and websites that have explored these phenomena, After the Flying Saucers Came speaks to believers and skeptics alike.

Greg Eghigian is a Professor of History and Bioethics at Pennsylvania State University. An expert on the history of the abnormal and the paranormal in the modern world, his research has been supported by NASA and the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. He is the author of The Corrigible and the Incorrigible: Science, Medicine, and the Convict in Twentieth Century Germany and the editor of The Routledge History of Madness and Mental Health, among other works. His new book is After the Flying Saucers Came: A Global History of the UFO Phenomenon.

Shermer and Eghigian discuss:

• Separating two questions: Are they out there? Have they come here?
• SETI science vs. UFO/UAP science
• Will aliens look anything like us? Convergent vs. contingent evolution
• What alien intelligence might be like: biological, digital, or otherwise?
• Bayesian reasoning about UFOs and UAPs
• The U.S. military UAP videos and what they represent
• The Disclosure Project from the U.S. government about UFOs and UAPs
• Projects Sign, Blue Book, Cyclops, Grudge
• AATIP (Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program)
• UFOs as mythology and myth making
• UFO waves and flaps in history and what explains them
• The UFO movement and what drives it
• Government interests in UFO
• NAZI UFOs, CIA UFOs, etc.
• Why aliens matter.

If you enjoy the podcast, please show your support by making a $5 or $10 monthly donation.

Here’s what I won’t miss about politics:

Trump and now Vance are repeatedly shooting themselves in the foot by making stupid statements.  Any idiot would know that saying that Kamala Harris turned black from Asian would not please most voters, including Republicans. I’m not sure whether Harris once emphasized her Asian ancestry and then her black ancestry at a later time, but even calling attention to that is invidious.  Like many voters, including black ones, I do not want this election to be about race; I want it to be about issues.

Vance, who was chosen for his hardscrabble background designed to appeal to middle America, has proved to be somewhat of a drag on the ticket. His comment on childless cat ladies was just as bad as Trump’s gaffe, and he topped that by criticizing Simone Biles for pulling out of the last Olympics because of mental health issues. That’s just churlish. None of these statements have anything to do with issues; they are ad hominems.

Harris, on the other hand, accepted her coronation with glee, and I’m appalled that people with much better cred, including Obama and Pelosi, jumped aboard the Harris juggernaut so quickly. I am not enthused about her stand on Israel, on her wokeness (she’s increasingly “progressive”, and will do damage to Titles VI and IX) and her weakness on the border, though she’s keeping a low profile right now.  What irks me the most is her claim that she wasn’t going to simply inherit the Democratic nomination, but EARN it. Well, she’s done absolutely nothing to earn it except serve up a few more word salads (I swear, she is incapable of thinking on her feet, and becomes acceptable only when reading from a teleprompter).

This is one election when I’m not enthused about either candidate. I remain a Democrat and a huge critic of Trump, whom I consider mentally ill, but I can’t say that I wouldn’t be holding my nose when voting for Harris. I am appalled at what’s happened to the Democratic Party. Yes, they are dancing with glee around a mediocre candidate, for they want to win, but what happened to the search for quality?  Perhaps it was too late to have debates or resolve this in the Democratic Convention, for it’s already been solved. Still . . . .

But the laws of physics have already determined who will win the Presidency, so I suppose I should just relax and let the molecules work it all out.

Reader Patricia kindly left us with something to look at while I’m gone: the webcam of seals and other wildlife living on Año Nuevo Island off the coast of California. As you can read below, Patricia works here.

Here is the location from Wikipedia:

Patricia gives us the lowdown (indented), and the link to the webcam is below.

Año Nuevo Island is a small island (~9 acres) off the central coast of California, ~60 mi. south of San Francisco .  The webcam is supported by California State Park.  The camera shows the SE end of the island in 3 views, each about 30 sec. View #1 is a sandy beach that extends toward the mainland with a collapsing catwalk across the center of the scene.  In winter hundreds of Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) pup and mate here.  Currently (Aug.) the beach is used by thousands of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and a few molting male e-seals.  Sea lions sometimes sleep atop these king size ’Sealy Posturpedics’.  If there is a point break, the sea lions enjoy surfing it.  In the foreground there are some of the thousands of nesting Brandt’s cormorants (Urile penicillatus).  The chicks are almost full grown now, but still ‘fuzzy’ View #2 shows the top terrace of the island and the deteriorating light keeper’s house (built 1906, fog horn station began in 1872 – replaced by a buoy in 1948).  The terrace and house are occupied by thousands of sea lions and cormorants. A few Western gulls (Larus occidentalis) attempt to nest amidst the fray.  Fog allowing, the ridge on the mainland shows a very ragged tree line, the result of the 2020 CZU lightning complex fire.  It was dense forest pre-fire. View #3 is a rocky cove on the ocean side of the island occupied by hundreds of sea lions and their pups can often be seen playing here.  Brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) can sometimes be seen roosting below the camera. On a warm day, if you check the camera at midday and then again in the early evening, you can see a mass migration of the sea lions from down on the cooler, wetter beaches up to the dryer terrace. I’ve been working at Año Nuevo for 30+ years including about a dozen when I spent a good part of the summer on the island.  It is often chilly and very windy there, necessitating watch cap plus hard hat (for gull strikes of both feet and guano, they have incredible aim and adjust for the wind), gloves, five layers on my torso and knee pads since most movement was on hands and knees.  If you have questions, ask in the comments and I’ll try to answer them.

Click on the screenshot and bookmark it for hours of fun and enlightenment. If your browser doesn’t work (I have trouble on Chrome), try another. The link is also here.

From the webcam’s site:

The Año Nuevo Island camera provides viewers with spectacular views of Año Nuevo Island live. Several angles are displayed for 30 seconds before the camera pans to the next position. The camera is live from 8:00 am – 5:00 pm.

Located 1/2 mile from the mainland, Año Nuevo Island is not accessible for the general public. It has been set aside with other sections of Año Nuevo State Park as a Natural Preserve, dedicated as habitat for a diversity of wildlife. Although now a home for marine mammals and nesting birds, evidence of human occupation is still evident from the historic light station buildings that began operation in 1872. These buildings were abandoned in 1948 and some still stand today.

OIympic Controversy; News Items: Progeria Treatment, Solid State Battery, The Cass Review, Mammoth DNA; Who's That Noisy; Your Questions and E-mails: The Bacterial Flagellum; Science or Fiction

I arose a the ungodly hour of 3:45 a.m. showered, dressed, checked my luggage, and then took an Uber to O’Hare. Traffic was sparse and I got here 2.5 hours early, so here’s the post.

Notable events: I have to take malaria medication, and my doctor said I should take one pill a day (they’re big and bitter) starting three days before I arrive and continuing for a week thereafter. Believe me, you don’t want to get malaria! I have also taken my requisite four typhoid pills, got a preventive Covid shot and the first two doses of the Hepatitis B vaccine (the last dose will be three months after I return). I also have iodine pills to disinfect water. I don’t want to get sick on my Big Trip to See Animals.

I’ll be in Capetown for about eight days staying with old friends Martim and Rita (both biologists) who have a lovely cottage overlooking the ocean.  During this time we’ll have a four-day field trip in the area, but I’m not quite sure of all the details.

Besides that, my plans include the usual tourist sites: visiting Robben Island to see the cell where Nelson Mandela spent 27 years of his life, visiting the Cape Penguins (Spheniscus demersus) to add another penguin to my life list (there are about six on it now), going atop Table Mountain, and seeing the unusual flora in the fynbos region (one of only a few floral regions in the world, and the smallest one), described this way:

One of only six floral kingdoms in the world and unique to this small area, the region supports over 9,000 plant species, 70% of which are found nowhere else on the planet. These include exquisite species such as the king protea (South Africa’s national flower) and exotic pincushions.

Here’s a king protea (Protea cynaroides):

Stan Shebs, CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

After Capetown I fly north for the Animal Expedition. Thanks for my friend Rosemary, I have booked my own stay in a game lodge (yes, a fancy one) for a few days, which provides two animal-viewing trips per day as well as bushwalks on foot.  Then it’s on to a two-day river trip (I’m not quite sure of the details, but it’s supposed to be lovely), and then three of us will drive through Kruger Park, again looking for animals and staying in basic accommodations.

Seeing the “Big Five” animals is the goal of all travelers; they are the lion, the Cape Buffalo, the leopard, the rhino, and of course the elephant. Of these, the secretive leopard is the hardest to see, but lions and elephants are normally on tap.

I will also see the Common Warthog, which really should be one of the Big Five. At last I’ll be able to see Ozy, who is still dominating the area and eating well.

Finally, a friend of Martim who studies the Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis), a corker of a bird, promised to show them to us toward the end of the month. Here’s a video of this remarkable species:

After all this I’ll return to Capetown for a day or two, and then back to America, where, thank Ceiling Cat, I’ll have missed all the crazy politics that will ensue for a month.

The next trip after that is the CSICon meetings in Las Vegas in October, where I’ll be giving a talk and then heading to southern Utah to visit a friend. In December I go to Poland to give two invited talks at a popular-science meeting in Silesia, and of course to visit my friends Malgorzata, Andrzej, Hili, Kulka, and Szaron in Dobrzyn.  After that, a trip to New York for a Heterodox Academy panel, and, in July of 2025, a trip to the Arctic—another goal on the bucket list.

So it goes. I am glad to be free of the craziness that is American politics for a while and relax in nature.  I will post as I can, but if the internet is rare, or I don’t have time, rest assured that there will be animal photos when I return. As always, I do my best.