News Feeds

Researchers have confirmed a centuries-old rumour that leeches can jump, which they may do to land their next blood meal

Just when you thought the turmoil at Harvard was over, its briquettes have ignited again, thanks to a big squirt of lighter fluid from Harvard’s Dean of Social Science, Larry Bobo.  Last week, Bobo posted a deeply misguided editorial in the Harvard Crimson, which you can see by clicking the title below. What he calls for is in-house censorship of Harvard faculty, and even sanctions applied to those who nevertheless adhere to First-Amendment-permitted free speech:

Click to read:

Apparently the target at which Bobo’s editorial is aimed is ex-President Larry Summers, who criticized Claudine Gay’s response to the October 7 butchery of Hamas as well as the University’s hamhandedness in dealing with antisemitism. But then Bobo goes on to say that faculty should be muzzled in general, so long as what they say could, down the line, cause “trouble”.

I’ll give a substantial excerpt of Bobo’s screed because it violates canons of academic freedom, academic neutrality, and simple common sense.

Having witnessed the appallingly rough manner in which prominent affiliates, including one former University president, publicly denounced Harvard’s students and present leadership, this first question must be answered: Is it outside the bounds of acceptable professional conduct for a faculty member to excoriate University leadership, faculty, staff, or students with the intent to arouse external intervention into University business? And does the broad publication of such views cross a line into sanctionable violations of professional conduct?

Yes it is and yes it does.

Note that Bobo says that the faculty behavior is “sanctionable”, i.e., faculty could be punished for free speech—for criticizing the University. As for “the intent to arouse external intervention into University business,” that’s both hard to determine and, at any rate, remains free speech. It’s as if professors or other deans cannot bring to the attention of the public bad stuff going on at Harvard.  One possible example is donor Bill Ackman pulling his gifts to Harvard during and after the Claudine Gay affair. That was bad for Harvard, but faculty who publicized Gay’s missteps, which included plagiarism, should certainly NOT be punished.

And remember that, as Dean, Bobo has the ability to affect people’s tenure, promotions, and salaries within his division, as one professor critical of his stand has noted (see below).

Here’s Bobo evincing ignorance of the First Amendment, which Harvard is supposed to adhere to:

Vigorous debate is to be expected and encouraged at any University interested in promoting freedom of expression. But here is the rub: As the events of the past year evidence, sharply critical speech from faculty, prominent ones especially, can attract outside attention that directly impedes the University’s function.

A faculty member’s right to free speech does not amount to a blank check to engage in behaviors that plainly incite external actors — be it the media, alumni, donors, federal agencies, or the government — to intervene in Harvard’s affairs. Along with freedom of expression and the protection of tenure comes a responsibility to exercise good professional judgment and to refrain from conscious action that would seriously harm the University and its independence.

The response to these assertions is simply, “yes: so long as a faculty member’s speech is not prohibited by the First Amendment (and “inciting external actors to intervene in Harvard’s affairs does not count), faculty do have a blank check. Speech prohibited by the First Amendment includes incitement of imminent and predictable violence (no Harvard faculty have done that), and things like defamation, false advertising, harassment, and so on. Absent those kinds of speech, yes, Harvard faculty can say what they want. Bobo needs to understand the First Amendment. He shows further ignorance of the law in this paragraph:

But many faculty at Harvard enjoy an external stature that also opens to them much broader platforms for potential advocacy. Figures such as Raj Chetty ’00, Henry Louis Gates Jr., Jill Lepore, or Steven A. Pinker have well-earned notoriety that reaches far beyond the academy.

Would it simply be an ordinary act of free speech for those faculty to repeatedly denounce the University, its students, fellow faculty, or leadership? The truth is that free speech has limits — it’s why you can’t escape sanction for shouting “fire” in a crowded theater.

Note that Gates, Lepore, Pinker et al. are said to have “well-earned notoriety”—an interesting choice of words! Why not “renown”?

But the “shouting fire in a crowded theater” phrase, which, when used as a ruse, was construed as speech creating immediate and predictable panic and violence, came from a  1919 Supreme Court decision by Oliver Wendell Holmes—in a case in which a man was indicted for urging others to avoid the draft.  In fact, the anti-draft speech, held unlawful by the Court, was partly overturned 5 decades later precisely because it wasn’t “directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and [wasn’t] likely to incite or produce such action”

None of Harvard faculty speech, then, violated free speech, though Bobo added one other area in which faculty should shut up:

Following similar logic: Is it acceptable professional conduct for a faculty member to encourage civil disobedience on the part of students that violates University policies? Faculty advocacy for actions clearly identified as in violation of student conduct rules is extremely problematic. Doing so after students have received official notification of a potential serious infraction is not acceptable. Such behavior should have sanctionable limits as well.

. . .Modern student protest appears less and less likely to target major non-University events, businesses, or government bodies. Rather, they’re comfortably situated in the confines of college campuses, directing demands for change at university administrators and boards of directors.

While this certainly draws in media attention, it is flawed. Targeting protest at those charged with a pastoral duty of care for their students and an indirect-at-best relation to the protesters’ core grievance considerably removes these efforts from the inarguably heroic actions of college students who burned draft cards in protest of the Vietnam War, registered black voters in Mississippi or Alabama, sat in at segregated lunch counters, or joined marches for women’s liberation and gay rights.

Even this commitment to instruct students on protest, however, is not without justifiable limits. If we are prepared to sanction our students for a line of action contrary to our codes of conduct, then I believe professors or administrators who encourage and advocate for such actions should also face parallel consequences.

I disagree, as do many others.  Encampments (that’s surely what Bobo’s talking about here) are violations of Harvard’s policies, and some faculty did encourage students in their desire to encamp. But that is simply calling for civil disobedience, not calling for violence and the like.  If faculty promoting encampments is illegal speech, then so were the calls by civil rights leaders for illegal sit-ins, voter registration, and marches.  (Note, “lawless action” implies violence, not “peaceful disobedience of the law”.) I disagree with the politics behind encampments, of course, but I certainly wouldn’t sanction faculty for encouraging that behavior. Such speech may have been unwise, but it was neither illegal nor a violation of Harvard’s speech policy.

Remember, encouraging civil disobedience is legal, while civil disobedience itself is by definition illegal.  As for whether disobedience like encamping is “heroic”, that’s a matter for history to judge, not Harvard.

One more thing: Bobo didn’t emphasize that he was speaking personally rather than as a Dean of the College; in other words, he was not limning official policy. (He later clarified that he spoke personally.) Thus his first op-ed is a violation of institutional neutrality that was likely to chill the speech of people in the social sciences and keep them from criticizing him. In fact, someone of Bobo’s position is best off muzzling himself because the line between personal speech and official speech from administrators is unclear. Even now that he’s clarified that he was speaking as an individual, what faculty member in the social science wouldn’t feel inhibited from encouraging students to commit civil disobedience, or from criticizing the administration in a way that may draw outside attention?

The pushback on Bobo has already begun.  A letter appeared in yesterday’s  Crimson authored by three members of Harvard’s faculty Council on Academic Freedom at Harvard (CAFH), and signed by ten bigwig professors (including Randall Kennedy, The Notorious Steve Pinker, Jeannie Suk Gersen, and others) showing how misguided Bobo’s piece was. Click to read:

They correct a number of Bobo’s mistakes I’ve mentioned above, but here’s an excerpt:

It is downright alarming that such a stunning argument would come from a dean who currently wields power over hundreds of professors — without indicating that he would refrain from implementing his views by punishing the faculty he oversees.

We strongly reject Dean Bobo’s arguments. He does not invoke generally agreed-upon exceptions to the right to free speech, such as inherently verbal crimes like libel, or justifiable restrictions on time, place, and manner. Instead, he references an analogy from former Supreme court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Class of 1861, arguing that shouting fire in a crowded theater is sanctionable.

The analogy is inapplicable for many reasons. Holmes alluded to falsely crying “fire,” whereas the speech that Dean Bobo would sanction is reasoned opinion, not known falsehood. The analogy pertains to a reflexive and predictable mob reaction; faculty opinions may be evaluated and deliberated over time. And the actual legal decision Holmes justified, which convicted people who criticized the draft during World War I, was later effectively overturned in a judgment that limited suppression of speech to incitement of “imminent lawless action.”

Analogies aside, Dean Bobo’s assertion that faculty who criticized Harvard’s leadership should be sanctioned because of an “intent to arouse external intervention” is troubling. He has no grounds for imputing such intent, nor for asserting that outside attention “impedes the University’s function.”

. . . Finally, Dean Bobo is also prepared to sanction those who encourage students to engage in civil disobedience that violates University policies. This, too, is deeply concerning. If a professor or administrator says to student protesters that their actions are legitimate civil disobedience, then such advice — whatever one thinks of its merits — is fully protected by academic freedom. Even encouraging students to break rules must be given wide leeway. Criminal law sets a high bar for charging incitement, solicitation, or aiding and abetting, precisely because of concerns for freedom of speech.

Will this letter itself incite outsiders to withhold money from or write letters about Harvard? If so, Bobo’s first op-ed would call this behavior “sanctionable”. But it isn’t.

The letter, I’m told, will soon appear with many more signers on the CAFH website.

There is a lot of criticism of Bobo’s op-ed at both liberal and conservative venues. I’ll show but two (you can access them by clicking on the headlines); one from a liberal source (the Boston Globe) and the other from a conservative cite (the Wall Street Journal editorial board). I’ll give two paragraphs from each.

One Harvard professor, who works in the social sciences, said, “The suggestion that members of an institution should be punished for criticizing that institution represents an authoritarian mindset, with no place in a university.” The professor requested anonymity to criticize “the dean who determines [my] salary, particularly when the dean is saying that deans have the right to punish faculty who criticize deans.”

In December, Bobo, along with hundreds of other faculty members, signed an open letter urging Harvard leaders “to defend the independence of the university and to resist political pressures that are at odds with Harvard’s commitment to academic freedom.”

The first paragraph shows why Bobo’s op-ed violated institutional neutrality. He’s now clarified that his statement wasn’t “official,” but it’s too late.  I don’t think the chilling effect of Bobo’s threat to punish faculty members can be overcome now that he’s shot off his big bazoo.  I seriously think he should be replaced, for there will always be the suspicion that he’s policing faculty in the social sciences.

The second paragraph is just bizarre, since what Bobo wrote urged direct violatio of academic freedom: the right of professors to engage in whatever academic research and speech that they see fit, so long as it doesn’t violate freedom of speech or University policy (again, Harvard says that it does adhere to a First-Amendment-like freedom of speech).

And the Wall Street Journal (archived here):

An excerpt:

As an institutional matter, Mr. Bobo’s position as a Harvard dean is especially problematic. Harvard President Emeritus Larry Summers notes that the call to censure faculty members’ comments on university affairs is “an obvious intrusion on academic freedom” and worse because of his position. Mr. Bobo “has authority over salaries, setting promotions and resource allocations,” Mr. Summers notes, and until his views are repudiated by university leadership, “academic freedom at Harvard will be in jeopardy.”

The Harvard faculty hasn’t so far embraced Mr. Bobo’s speech notions, and it will be useful if the gaffe encourages them to reread the University of Chicago free-speech principles over summer vacation. But Mr. Bobo’s broadside is a reminder that censors haven’t vanished from the top rungs of America’s supposedly elite universities.

Instead of soothing the turmoil at Harvard, Bobo has exacerbated it by, as the WSJ suggests, urging the Harvard professors censor themselves—or else. This is not going to bring peace at Harvard, and in fact it’s roiled the University, uniting Right and Left against the administration. (Note the plaudits to the University of Chicago.)

Given Bobo’s boo-boo, here are my three suggestions about what Harvard should do:

1.)  Get rid of Bobo as Dean. Seriously.

2.) The rest of the Harvard administration, and the deans of all the divisions, should publicly say that Bobo’s views are not University policy and that the University adheres to Constitutional freedom of speech as well as academic freedom.

3.) Most important, Harvard should adopt the five provisions laid out by The Notorious Steve Pinker in his Boston Globe editorial last December, “A five-point plan to save Harvard from itself.”  Here are two provisions that need to be formally and immediately adopted by Harvard (a short excerpt from Pinker):

Free speech. Universities should adopt a clear and conspicuous policy on academic freedom. It might start with the First Amendment, which binds public universities and which has been refined over the decades with carefully justified exceptions. These include crimes that by their very nature are committed with speech, like extortion, bribery, libel, and threats, together with incitement of imminent lawless action. It also permits restraints on the time, place, and manner of expression. The First Amendment does not entitle someone to blare propaganda from a sound truck in a residential neighborhood at 3 a.m. or to set up a soapbox in the middle of a busy freeway.

Advertisement

. . . . Institutional neutrality. A university does not need a foreign policy, and it does not need to issue pronouncements on the controversies and events of the day. It is a forum for debate, not a protagonist in debates. When a university takes a public stand, it either puts words in the mouths of faculty and students who can speak for themselves or unfairly pits them against their own employer. It’s even worse when individual departments take positions, because it sets up a conflict of interest with any dissenting students and faculty whose fates they control.

During the turmoil of the last year, Harvard has lost considerable money and, more important, a lot of its reputation. The school is now the butt of jokes. It’s also subject to a federal investigation of whether it failed to stop harassment of Jewish students. Harvard’s entire position as the Best College in America depends on its academic reputation, something that has been severely undermined. Bobo helped continue the undermining. Part of the school’s academic reputation depends, of course, on academic freedom and freedom of speech: two buttresses of truth-seeking.

I used to think that NOTHING could erode Harvard’s reputation, but that doesn’t seem to be true. Applications to the school fell 5% last year as students sought other selective schools whose applications have actually increased, and applications for early admission dropped a whopping 17%,  Yes, Harvard will still be able to get its quota of highly qualified undergraduates, but with declining applications, some of the best ones will simply go elsewhere.

Today we have the fifth batch of bird photos from Bhutan taken by Ephraim Heller (the others are here). Ephriam’s notes and IDs are indented, and you can enlarge the photos by clicking on them.

Here is installment #5 of photos from my April 2024 birding tour of Bhutan.

Today I post my photos of hornbills (Bucerotidae) and Kingfishers (Alcedinidae). Descriptions of the species below are taken from Wikipedia.

The great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) occurs in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It is predominantly frugivorous, but also preys on small mammals, reptiles and birds. It is known to have lived for nearly 50 years in captivity.

The most prominent feature of the hornbill is the bright yellow and black casque on top of its massive bill. The casque is hollow and serves no known purpose, although it is thought to be the result of sexual selection.

The female hornbill builds a nest in the hollow of a large tree trunk, sealing the opening with a plaster made up mainly of feces. She remains imprisoned there, relying on the male to bring her food, until the chicks are half developed. During this period the female undergoes a complete moult. The mother is fed by her mate through a slit in the seal.

I was surprised to discover that great hornbills have eyelashes:

During courtship the male hornbill picks fruit with and then gifts it to the female hornbill. The female hornbill then tosses the fruit up in the air and eats it:

Great hornbill in flight:

Blyth’s kingfisher (Alcedo hercules) is the largest kingfisher in the genus Alcedo. A shy bird, it frequents small waterways, feeding on fish and insects caught by diving from a shrub close to the water. It is found along streams in evergreen forest and adjacent open country between 200 and 1,200 m (660 and 3,900 ft). The species ranges from Nepal through India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. Even within its preferred habitat the density of the species is low, and the population, though not thoroughly surveyed, is believed to be small, and declining further:

The white-throated kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) is a tree kingfisher, widely distributed in Asia from the Sinai east through the Indian subcontinent to China and Indonesia. It can often be found well away from water where it feeds on a wide range of prey that includes small reptiles, amphibians, crabs, small rodents and even birds:

I normally don’t like to photograph birds on wires, but this fellow posed so nicely:

 

Equipment: All animal photos were shot using a Nikon Z9 camera and Nikkor Z 400mm f/2.8 TC VR S lens. Landscape and architectural photos were shot either with a Nikon Z9 and Nikkor Z 70-200mm f/2.8 VR S lens or with an iPhone 11.

You can see more of my photos here.

A new species of dinosaur discovered in Montana and related to Triceratops had one of the strangest, most asymmetrical skulls that scientists have ever studied

Amazon has implemented new quality standards for some dietary supplements.

The post Amazon goes where the FDA does not first appeared on Science-Based Medicine.

NASA’s Perseverance Rover has left Mount Washburn behind and arrived at its next destination, Bright Angel. It found an unusual type of rock there that scientists are calling ‘popcorn rock.’ The odd rock is more evidence that water was once present in Jezero Crater.

Perseverance’s mission is centred on life on ancient Mars. Along with searching for fossilized evidence of ancient life, it’s searching for and trying to understand environments that could’ve supported life. That’s why it’s in Jezero Crater, an ancient paleolake with a delta of sediments and other intriguing geological features.

On Sol 1175 of its mission, Perseverance arrived at Bright Angel, a scientifically interesting region that’s part of the river channel that fed into Jezero Crater. Bright Angel is noted for light-toned rocky outcrops that are either ancient sediments that filled the channel or much older rock exposed by the river.

The image below shows the rover’s path leading to Bright Angel. The white portion shows where Perseverance paralleled the Neretva Vallis river channel, and the blue portion shows where it travelled through the channel. The light-toned rocks of Bright Angel are clearly visible.

This Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter image was captured by the orbiter’s HiRISE camera, and it shows the Neretva Vallis river channel with Perseverance’s route overlain. It has left Mount Washburn behind and has reached Bright Angel. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona

As Perseverance worked its way toward Bright Angel, mission personnel could see the light rocks in the distance. But the route to the new destination wasn’t easy. The rover encountered a boulder field that proved so arduous that operators changed course.

“We started paralleling the channel in late January and were making pretty good progress, but then the boulders became bigger and more numerous,” said Evan Graser, Perseverance’s deputy strategic route planner lead at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. “What had been drives averaging over a hundred meters per Martian day went down to only tens of meters. It was frustrating.”

Perseverance has two modes of travel. In rougher terrain, the route planning team uses images to plan the rover’s route about 30 meters at a time. To travel further than that in a single sol, the team relies on Perseverance’s autopilot mode, called AutoNav. But as the route through the boulder field became more difficult, AutoNav struggled. It sometimes just stopped, which is the safest option. But that means the drive to Bright Angel was taking far longer than anticipated.

“We had been eyeing the river channel just to the north as we went, hoping to find a section where the dunes were small and far enough apart for a rover to pass between — because dunes have been known to eat Mars rovers,” said Graser. “Perseverance also needed an entrance ramp we could safely travel down. When the imagery showed both, we made a beeline for it.”

The rover was rerouted through the dune field and across the river channel, reducing its drive by several weeks.

Perseverance captured this image of Bright Angel with one of its Navcams on June 6th, 2024. Bright Angel is the light-toned area in the distance on the right. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Perseverance is nearing the end of its fourth science phase. It’s been searching for carbonate rocks and olivine in the Margin Unit, which is along the inside of Jezero Crater’s rim. But at Bright Angel, it hoped to find different rocks.

That’s exactly what’s happened.

According to a NASA press release, geologists were mesmerized by what they saw. Some of the rocks are densely packed with spheres, which earned them the name ‘popcorn rocks.’ The rocks are also full of ridges that look like mineral veins. Mineral veins occur when water transports minerals through rock and deposits them.

These rocks in Bright Angel have unusual popcorn-like textures and abundant mineral veins. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU

Mineral veins are common on wet, watery Earth, and rovers have spotted them elsewhere on Mars.

The MSL Curiosity rover captured this image of mineral veins in Martian rocks in 2015. The area is called Garden City, and it’s on lower Mt. Sharp in Gale Crater. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS

The popcorn features could also be evidence of water. Like the mineral veins, they indicate that water flowed through these rocks.

The next step is to determine what minerals are present in these popcorn rocks. Perseverance will work its way up Bright Angel, taking measurements as it goes. On the weekend, it’ll use its abrasion tool and other instruments to take an even closer look. It’ll vaporize some of the rock and use its SuperCam suite of instruments to examine the rocks’ chemistry. The decision to take a sample for eventual return to Earth (hopefully) will rest on those results.

Once Perseverance is finished at Bright Angel, the rover will make its way south again, across Neretva Vallis, to its next destination: Serpentine Rapids.

The post Perseverance Found Some Strange Rocks. What Will They Tell Us? appeared first on Universe Today.

People who regularly have lower back pain go longer without the discomfort if they incorporate walks into their weekly routines

Earth is a seismically active planet, and scientists have figured out how to use seismic waves from Earthquakes to probe its interior. We even use artificially created seismic waves to identify underground petroleum-bearing formations. When the InSIGHT (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) lander was sent to Mars, it sensed Marsquakes to learn more bout the planet’s interior.

Researchers think they can use Marsquakes to answer one of Mars’ most pressing questions: Does the planet hold water trapped in its subsurface?

Ground-penetrating radar can tell us what’s underground on Earth. However, it has limitations. It can reach about 30 meters underground in low-conductivity materials and as shallow as one meter in conductive materials. Scientists are developing other methods, including seismological interferometers, to use seismology to detect deeper aquifers, but those methods are not fully developed. There’s also so much water inside Earth that it creates noisy signals.

These methods are not applicable to Mars, where equipment is limited.

However, researchers from Penn State University think they can use a different type of seismology to detect Mars’ subsurface water. It’s called the seismoelectric method, and it combines seismology and electromagnetism. It senses the electromagnetic signals that come from the propagation of seismic waves in a planet’s interior.

Their new research, “Characterizing Liquid Water in Deep Martian Aquifers: A Seismo-Electric Approach,” has been published in JGR Planets. Nolan Roth, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Geosciences at Penn State, is the lead author.

“The scientific community has theories that Mars used to have oceans and that, over the course of its history, all that water went away,” Roth said. “But there is evidence that some water is trapped somewhere in the subsurface. We just haven’t been able to find it. The idea is, if we can find these electromagnetic signals, then we find water on Mars.”

This artist’s impression shows how Mars may have looked about four billion years ago. The young planet Mars would have had enough water to cover its entire surface in a liquid layer about 140 metres deep, but it is more likely that the liquid would have pooled to form an ocean occupying almost half of Mars’s northern hemisphere and in some regions reaching depths greater than 1.6 kilometres. Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser

Seismology works by detecting elastic waves that propagate through the Earth. These waves are divided into subtypes, especially P-waves, or primary waves, and S-waves, or secondary waves. Each type of wave travels differently depending on the material it’s moving through. In broad terms, P-waves travel faster than S-waves, so they arrive at seismographic sensors at different times. The differences in those times and other factors reveal the characteristics and densities of the material the waves are travelling through.

The seismoelectric method detects the electromagnetic signals created by seismic waves rather than the waves themselves. As the waves travel through a planet, materials like rock or water move differently in response. Those differences create magnetic fields that surface sensors can detect.

“If we listen to the marsquakes that are moving through the subsurface, if they pass through water, they’ll create these wonderful, unique signals of electromagnetic fields,” Roth said. “These signals would be diagnostic of current, modern-day water on Mars.”

This method is especially suited to Mars. On Earth, water is mixed throughout the subsurface, not just in aquifers, making detection difficult. But Mars is extremely dry, other than potential subsurface aquifers. If we detect buried water on Mars with the seismoelectric method, it’s almost certainly a subsurface aquifer.

Artist’s impression of water under the Martian surface. Credit: ESA/Medialab

“In contrast to how seismoelectric signals often appear on Earth, Mars’ surface naturally removes the noise and exposes useful data that allows us to characterize several aquifer properties,” said co-author Tieyuan Zhu, associate professor of geosciences at Penn State and Roth’s adviser.

The seismoelectric method involves two types of electromagnetic fields: co-seismic waves and interface responses (IR). There are two types of interface responses: radiating interface responses (RIRs) and evanescent interface responses (EIRs.)

“Interface responses (IRs) are generated when a seismic wave creates a charge imbalance across a saturated interface,” the authors explain. RIRs radiate from the interface independently at electromagnetic velocities, regardless of how much fluid is in the medium. EIRs are generated when a seismic wave impinges on a saturated interface at a particular angle. Both types of IRs are generated in the presence of mobile fluids, but they don’t require a saturated layer to propagate further. RIRs, in particular, can travel through kilometres of rock. The two types of interface responses can be separated and analyzed independently.

It all adds up to a new method of “seeing” inside Mars and finding saturated layers.

Roth and his co-researchers started by creating a model of subsurface Mars. Then, they added aquifers to simulate how the seismoelectric method could work. The results showed they could use the seismoelectric technique to uncover details about the aquifers, including their dimensions and chemical properties, like salinity.

“Aquifer depth, thickness, and quantity affect interface response arrival times and shape,” the authors write in their research. “Aquifer water saturation fraction, chemistry, and salinity strongly impact the interface response strength but have little to no affect on the waveform shape.”

“Seismo-electric signals can be used to constrain estimates of aquifer depth, volume, location, and bulk chemical composition,” they added.

This illustration from the research shows how the seismoelectric method could detect subsurface water on Mars. It shows three different cases: a dry Mars, a Mars with a deep aquifer, and an Earth-analog model. There’s a lot of complexity, but the main takeaway is that the different interface responses behave differently and arrive at sensors at different times. See the published research for more details. Image Credit: Roth et al. 2024.

“SE measurements give us a way to detect and image Martian groundwater kilometres below the surface,” the authors write in their conclusion. “As SE exploration becomes more widespread on Earth, this study represents the first foray of the method to other worlds.”

“If we can understand the signals, we can go back and characterize the aquifers themselves,” Roth said in a press release. “And that would give us more constraints than we’ve ever had before for understanding water on Mars today and how it has changed over the last 4 billion years. And that would be a big step ahead.”

The most exciting part about using the seismoelectric method on Mars is that it doesn’t require a new mission. NASA’s InSIGHT lander acquired ample seismic data during its mission. It also had a magnetometer, and future work will combine the signals from both to open a new window into subsurface Mars.

If the method proves fruitful, seismometers and magnetometers could be included in future missions, not only to Mars but also to other worlds. Frozen ocean moons like Europa and Enceladus are prime exploration targets in the search for life, and the technique could work there.

“This shouldn’t be limited to Mars — the technique has potential, for example, to measure the thickness of icy oceans on a moon of Jupiter,” Zhu said. “The message we want to give the community is there is this promising physical phenomena — which received less attention in the past — that may have great potential for planetary geophysics.”

The post Marsquakes Can Help Us Find Water on the Red Planet appeared first on Universe Today.

Saturn’s moon Titan has coastlines matching ones on Earth that have been carved by waves, hinting that Titan’s hydrocarbon seas and lakes also has them

Geologists studied Titan's shorelines and showed through simulations that coastlines of the moon's methane- and ethane-filled seas have likely been shaped by waves. Until now, scientists have found indirect and conflicting signs of wave activity, based on Cassini images of Titan's surface.

The international collaboration presented their first results with new data in four years, featuring a new low-energy sample of electron neutrinos and a dataset doubled in size.

Jupiter's iconic Great Red Spot has persisted for at least 190 years and is likely a different spot from the one observed by the astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1665, a new study reports. The Great Red Spot we see today likely formed because of an instability in the planet's intense atmospheric winds, producing a long, persistent atmospheric cell, the study also finds.

The severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms in the planetary science community is greater than in the general U.S. population, according to a new study.

Gravitational changes experienced by astronauts during space travel can cause fluids within the body to shift. This can cause changes to the cardiovascular system, including vessels in and around the eyes. These fluid shifts may be related to a phenomenon known as Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS), which can cause astronauts to experience changes in eye shape and other ocular symptoms.

An innovative synthesis strategy opened up the way to 2D/3D fused frameworks using inexpensive quinolines as feedstock, report scientists. By leveraging a light-sensitive borate intermediate, the scientists could transform quinoline derivatives into a great variety of 2D/3D fused frameworks in a straightforward and cost-effective manner. Their findings are expected to enable the synthesis of highly customizable drug candidates.

Looking under the microscope, a group of cells slowly moves forward in a line, like a train on the tracks. The cells navigate through complex environments. A new approach now shows how they do this and how they interact with each other.

Looking under the microscope, a group of cells slowly moves forward in a line, like a train on the tracks. The cells navigate through complex environments. A new approach now shows how they do this and how they interact with each other.

Much of the methane released into the southern Baltic Sea from the Nord Stream gas pipeline has remained in the water. This is shown by measurements taken by researchers from the University of Gothenburg.

A team has invented a technique to study electrochemical processes at the atomic level with unprecedented resolution. They have already used it to discover a surprising phenomena in a popular catalyst material and plan to apply their technology to studying a wide variety of electrochemical systems including batteries, fuel cells, and solar fuel generators. The insights could lead to more efficient and durable devices.

Researchers have created a new class of materials called 'glassy gels' that are very hard and difficult to break despite containing more than 50% liquid. Coupled with the fact that glassy gels are simple to produce, the material holds promise for a variety of applications.