News Feeds

Two of the three science Nobel prizes in 2024 have been won by people working in AI, but does this mean that AI models are now vital for science?

Mars has captured our imagination for centuries. Ever since the invention of the telescope our imagination has often drifted toward the possibility of life on Mars. Exploration of the red planet has often revealed that Mars once had plenty of water on its surface but it’s no longer there. Now NASA’s Curiosity rover has found deposits of carbon-rich minerals that could give us a much needed clue.  

Mars Curiosity Rover was launched by NASA to the red planet in 2011. It’s part of the Mars Science Laboratory mission and, like many of the explorers, is a robotic mission. It arrived at Gale Crater on 6 August 2012 and was designed to explore the geological and climatic environments of Mars, search for signs that it was once a habitable world and to that end, was essentially a sampling and analysis mission. Originally it was a two year mission but Curiosity has continued long passed the intended duration, operating now for over a decade.

New simulations are helping inform the Curiosity rover’s ongoing sampling campaign. Credit:NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS

Mars, the fourth planet from the Sun, has been known to be a fairly hostile world devoid of any signs of life. Gale Crater was chosen as the target for Curiosity because it’s an impact crater formed just under 4 billion years ago. The layered rock formations found on the crater walls make it an ideal location to study the red planets geological history. The analysis is completed using the on board instruments SAM (Sample Analysis at Mars) and TLS (Tunable Laser Spectrometer) that heat up the samples to almost 900 degrees Celsius with the resultant gasses being analysed.

There’s methane on Mars, but only in Gale Crater, and only sporadically. Image Credit:

As Curiosity explores Mars it has been measuring the isotopic composition (the ratios of different isotopes) of the minerals found in the crater. Isotopes are elements that have different masses than usual for example as water evaporates, lighter version of carbon  and oxygen were likely to evaporate leaving heavier ones behind. Eventually, over time, the heavier versions (isotopes) became an integral part of the rocks that Curiosity is analysing. The minerals are largely carbon rich but they point toward high levels of evaporation suggesting they could only have formed when Mars could support liquid water. 

David Burtt from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Centre and lead author of the paper that describes the findings do not rule out ancient life either. He said “Our samples are not consistent with an ancient environment with life on the surface of Mars, although this does not rule out the possibility of an underground biosphere or a surface biosphere that began and ended before the carbonates formed.”

Their paper that was published in the National Academy of Sciences suggests there may have been two possible formation processes for the carbonates. A series of wet-dry cycles within the Gale Crater are one such possibility with the formation of carbonates in highly salty water under cold temperatures the other. 

The two possible formation scenarios point to two different climate models and different habitability.  The wet-dry cycling suggests an alternating climate between more and less habitable conditions. Alternatively the salty water process with cold temperatures would indicate a less habitable environment with most water locked up in ice and the rocks. Neither scenario is ideal for the establishment of complex life forms but as Burtt highlighted, it doesn’t rule out the possibility further back in the history of Mars. 

Source : NASA: New Insights Into How Mars Became Uninhabitable

The post How Did Mars Become Uninhabitable? appeared first on Universe Today.

Researchers have significantly improved a new joining technology, interlocking metasurfaces (ILMs), designed to increase the strength and stability of a structure in comparison to traditional techniques like bolts and adhesives, using shape memory alloys (SMAs). ILMs offer the potential to transform mechanical joint design in manufacturing for aerospace, robotics and biomedical devices.

A team of international researchers has developed a natural fabric that urban residents could wear to counter rising temperatures in cities worldwide, caused by buildings, asphalt, and concrete.

Research observing the physical motion of falling ice crystals could help scientists better estimate where and when these crystals will melt into raindrops.

Researchers took the imaginary scenes from Spider-Man seriously and created the first web-slinging technology in which a fluid material can shoot from a needle, immediately solidify as a string, and adhere to and lift objects.

A professor who has devoted his career to resolving the mysteries of higher mathematics has solved two separate, fundamental problems that have perplexed mathematicians for decades.

Artificial Intelligence has learned to master language, generate art, and even beat grandmasters at chess. But can it crack the code of abstract reasoning --t hose tricky visual puzzles that leave humans scratching their heads? Researchers are putting AI's cognitive abilities to the test, pushing the multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) to solve visual problems once reserved for human IQ tests. The result? A glimpse into how far AI has come -- and where it still stumbles.

Astronomers have observed Jupiter's legendary Great Red Spot (GRS), an anticyclone large enough to swallow Earth, for at least 150 years. But there are always new surprises -- especially when NASA's Hubble Space Telescope takes a close-up look at it. Hubble's new observations of the famous red storm, collected 90 days between December 2023 to March 2024, reveal that the GRS is not as stable as it might look. The recent data show the GRS jiggling like a bowl of gelatin. The combined Hubble images allowed astronomers to assemble a time-lapse movie of the squiggly behavior of the GRS.

Hurricanes often produce tornadoes that add to the destructive power of the storm – and climate change may make such tornadoes more common

Scientists are using mechanisms inspired by nature to create new technological innovations. A team has now created an octopus-inspired adhesive, inspired by the shape of octopus suckers, that can quickly grab and controllably release challenging underwater objects. Having the ability to grab and release these underwater objects like heavy rocks, small shells, and soft beads, and other debris could be a powerful tool for underwater salvage and even rescue operations.

Chirality -- a geometric property that allows molecules to exist in two distinct forms that are chemically identical but are 3D mirror images of each other, like a right and left hand -- has a powerful effect on nuclear spin state but was thought to have no effect on coupling between spins. A study found chirality, or handedness, does in fact determine the strength of a coupling between nuclear spins. Findings could lead to better methods of probing electrons and spin in chemical and biological systems.

For decades, scientists knew there was a huge swath of undetected and unaccounted for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the atmosphere, often referred to as PFAS dark matter, but no one knew how much was missing or how to measure them. Now, an atmospheric chemistry research team has devised a way to test for one of the most ubiquitous elements of these potent greenhouse gases.

A research team has devised a unique method to observe changes in materials at the atomic level. The technique opens new avenues for understanding and developing advanced materials for quantum computing and electronics.

A research team has devised a unique method to observe changes in materials at the atomic level. The technique opens new avenues for understanding and developing advanced materials for quantum computing and electronics.

Popular weight-loss medications including Ozempic and Wegovy contain a drug that seems to decrease cravings for food and drugs – and now there’s evidence that it might make exercise less rewarding, too

My first sight of Saturn through a telescope inspired my love of space. Dig out your telescopes or visit your local astronomy club, and you may be lucky enough to spot our sixth planet's stunning thick band of rings, says Leah Crane

In a strange commune, a daily "vitamin" suppresses emotion – until one member decides to throw away the supply. Turn Me On takes a comedic jab at hyper-utilitarianism, says Simon Ings

Our Future Chronicles column explores an imagined history of inventions and developments yet to come. We visit 2032 and meet artificial animals that love their owners, without the carbon footprint of biological pets. Rowan Hooper explains how it happened

A new book from the science-writing legend is an Attenborough-esque romp through some of the wonders of the natural world. Just beware the title's misfiring metaphor