Science

Ebola virus, one of the deadliest pathogens, has a fatality rate of about 50%, posing a serious threat to global health and safety. To address this challenge, researchers have developed the first nanobody-based inhibitors targeting the Ebola virus.

UPDATE:  A UK government report from 2020 suggests that there are conflicting data on the ethnicity of the offending “grooming gangs”. Click below to see the study and I quote from page 10 of the Executive Summary (bolding is mine):

17. A number of high-profile cases – including the offending in Rotherham investigated by Professor Alexis Jay,3 the Rochdale group convicted as a result of Operation Span, and convictions in Telford – have mainly involved men of Pakistani ethnicity. Beyond specific high-profile cases, the academic literature highlights significant limitations to what can be said about links between ethnicity and this form of offending. Research has found that group-based CSE offenders are most commonly White.4 Some studies suggest an over-representation of Black and Asian offenders relative to the demographics of national populations.5 However, it is not possible to conclude that this is representative of all group-based CSE offending. This is due to issues such as data quality problems, the way the samples were selected in studies, and the potential for bias and inaccuracies in the way that ethnicity data is collected.6 During our conversations with police forces, we have found that in the operations reflected, offender groups come from diverse backgrounds, with each group being broadly ethnically homogenous. However, there are cases where offenders within groups come from different backgrounds.7

Stay tuned, and if you know of more dispositive data, place it in the comments. If this be true,  then even bringing in the element of race is misguided. But as I say below, it doesn’t matter what color or ethnicity the pedophiles were, for nearly everyone agrees that the whole issue of grooming gangs has been grossly mishandled by the UK authorities, and largely swept under the rug.

UPDATE 2: A reader calls attention to this NYT article claiming that Musk’s tactics in exposing the grooming gangs are dishonest and politically motivated.

 

The Free Press headline below may be exaggerated, but it comes close to the truth.  For it’s about the “grooming gangs” that have plagued England for several decades.  They involve groups of men—most often of Pakistani or Bangladesi ancestry—whose goal is to subjugate and rape young children of both sexes. Some children have been killed.  But because the perps are usually people of color, the government, the police, and the public have largely ignored the issue.  This is a huge scandal involving, once again, a clash of ideologies that came down the wrong way. The warring ideologies are to avoid denigrating immigrants of color versus protecting children against pedophiles.

Yes, some of these gangs have been broken up and the perps sent to prison, but only now, with the prompting of Elon Musk, is it being publicized as the heinous crime it is. (The fact that Musk is widely hated makes it hard for people to accept the situation, but his actions in this case are right.) For the grooming is still going on, and not just in the UK but in other places in Europe.  Unfortunately, calling attention to these gangs is seen not only as racist, but as anti-immigrant, both characterizations being horrible to liberals.

I’m not going to describe these crimes in detail, as they makes me sick, but you need to know about them, and the UK needs to start taking the issue VERY seriously.

First, a piece from the Free Press, which you can access by clicking on the headline.

There’s a thread of incidents tweeted by Elon Musk you can find at the link, and of course everybody is festooning them with community notes because Musk. This first one, for example, happened five years ago, and the perps are in jail. But it tells you the kind of things that can happen. Here are the first two tweets, apparently both from 2013.  But as the article above notes, this is still going on,

pic.twitter.com/mt1csIreQd

— Elon Musk (@elonmusk) January 5, 2025

A quote from the Free Press piece:

The grooming and serial rape of thousands of English girls by men of mostly Pakistani Muslim background over several decades is the biggest peacetime crime in the history of modern Europe. It went on for many years. It is still going on. And there has been no justice for the vast majority of the victims.

British governments, both Conservative and Labour, hoped that they had buried the story after a few symbolic prosecutions in the 2010s. And it looked like they had succeeded—until Elon Musk read some of the court papers and tweeted his disgust and bafflement on X over the new year.

Britain now stands shamed before the world. The public’s suppressed wrath is bubbling to the surface in petitions, calls for a public inquiry, and demands for accountability.

The scandal is already reshaping British politics. It’s not just about the heinous nature of the crimes. It’s that every level of the British system is implicated in the cover-up.

Social workers were intimidated into silence. Local police ignored, excused, and even abetted pedophile rapists across dozens of cities. Senior police and Home Office officials deliberately avoided action in the name of maintaining what they called “community relations.” Local councilors and Members of Parliament rejected pleas for help from the parents of raped children. Charities, NGOs, and Labour MPs accused those who discussed the scandal of racism and Islamophobia. The media mostly ignored or downplayed the biggest story of their lifetimes. Zealous in their incuriosity, much of Britain’s media elite remained barnacled to the bubble of Westminster politics and its self-serving priorities.

They did this to defend a failed model of multiculturalism, and to avoid asking hard questions about failures of immigration policy and assimilation. They did this because they were afraid of being called racist or Islamophobic. They did this because Britain’s traditional class snobbery had fused with the new snobbery of political correctness.

All of which is why no one knows precisely how many thousands of young girls were raped in how many towns across Britain since the 1970s.

Although some have said that this is no longer a problem, and the perps are all in jail, that’s simply not true. The first link above goes to a UK government site about the Grooming Gangs Taskforce, and was published in May of last year:

In the last 12 months the crack team of expert investigators and analysts has helped police forces arrest over 550 suspects, identify and protect over 4,000 victims, and build up robust cases to get justice for these appalling crimes.

Established by Prime Minister Rishi Sunak in April 2023, the Grooming Gangs Taskforce of specialist officers has worked with all 43 police forces in England and Wales to support child sexual exploitation and grooming investigations.

Led by the National Police Chiefs’ Council and supported by the National Crime Agency, the taskforce is a full time, operational police unit funded by the Home Office to improve how the police investigate grooming gangs and identify and protect children from abuse. It is staffed by experienced and qualified officers and data analysts who have long-term, practical on-the-ground experience of undertaking investigations into grooming gangs.

Finally, from Unherd, an article about how the cops are complicit in not going after grooming gangs. It’s written by a former detective :

The answer is pretty much what you would expect: going after grooming gangs that largely comprise people of color is seen as racist, and you know how the British cops are with “hate speech”:

The statistics behind the rape gang scandal — let’s banish the wholly inadequate word “grooming” — are staggering. For over 25 years, networks of men, predominantly from Pakistani Muslim backgrounds, abused young white girls from Yeovil to London to Glasgow. The victims’ accounts are beyond depravity, unthinkable in a supposedly advanced Western democracy.

That, of course, immediately raises a simple, shocking question: why did British police services turn a blind eye to the gang rape of tens of thousands of young girls? I should have a fair idea. I was a police officer for 25 years, including five as a detective in the Met’s anticorruption command. Working on sensitive investigations into police wrongdoing, I saw first-hand how law enforcement responds to scandals and crises. I’ve watched senior officers, faced with uncomfortable truths, wriggle like greased piglets. I’ve witnessed logic-defying decisions for nakedly political reasons. I am firmly of the view, then, that the whole scandal has unambiguously revealed rank cowardice by constabularies across the UK, where the most senior whistleblower in the entire country was a lowly detective constable.

The answer, in the end, is simple. Racism, for police services from Chester to Penzance, remains the original sin. From the Scarman Report to the Macpherson Inquiry, the police have long served as Britain’s sin-eaters, devouring social problems on our behalf. As former Met Commissioner Sir Robert Mark famously wrote: “The police are the anvil on which society beats out the problems and abrasions of social inequality, racial prejudice, weak laws and ineffective legislation.” That was over 40 years ago, and little has changed since. This institutional reticence over race goes beyond the police themselves: even the Independent Office for Police Conduct’s (IOPC) review of the rape gang scandal tiptoed around the heritage and religion of offenders.

The second reason why race is a third rail issue for police? Public order. The raison d’etre of British policing, imprinted into its DNA, is Keeping the King’s Peace. And as we saw in Southport and elsewhere last summer, austerity-ravaged services are ill-equipped to deal with large-scale disorder. Riots, especially those with a racial element, are the ultimate manifestation of police failure, even as forces like Greater Manchester and South Yorkshire are petrified of seeing a repeat of the 2001 disturbances in Oldham. I suspect, then, that chief constables were inclined to see the rape gang scandal as another intractable problem, confined to a marginalised section of the white underclass. To pick at that particular scab might risk public disorder. Better to speak to “community leaders” — to keep the peace, even at the price of allowing organised paedophile networks to operate in plain sight.

It is incomprehensible to me how the police, government, and general public prefer to brush this issue under the rug: it’s pedophilia, for crying out loud, and the abuse is both horrible and pervasive. But I’ll close with the observation that again we see a clash of two opposing views: one in which people of color should be treated fairly, which is good, and the other in which children should not be sexually abused, completely incontestable.  But when people of color begin mass sexual abuse of children, and those children appear to be mostly white, you can see how it poses a conflict for the woke. Yet it should not be a conflict, for no matter what color the abusers and rapists are, they are violating the law big time and should be taken off the streets. That has happened to some extent, but not nearly to the extent that should be the case.

h/t: Luana

An uptick of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) cases in China has raised concerns over another pandemic, which appear to be unfounded

Researchers have developed an innovative method for rapidly creating laser light sources in large quantities using an inkjet printer that ejects laser-emitting droplets. By applying an electric field to these droplets, the researchers demonstrated that switching the emission of light on and off is possible. Furthermore, they successfully created a compact laser display by arranging these droplets on a circuit board.

Researchers have developed an innovative method for rapidly creating laser light sources in large quantities using an inkjet printer that ejects laser-emitting droplets. By applying an electric field to these droplets, the researchers demonstrated that switching the emission of light on and off is possible. Furthermore, they successfully created a compact laser display by arranging these droplets on a circuit board.

Researchers have developed a technology for voltage-controlled magnetization switching, which has the potential to be implemented in next-generation computational memory. This advanced technology enables low-energy data writing operations with non-volatility, making it scalable for future applications that require stable and reliable memory.

Researchers have developed a technology for voltage-controlled magnetization switching, which has the potential to be implemented in next-generation computational memory. This advanced technology enables low-energy data writing operations with non-volatility, making it scalable for future applications that require stable and reliable memory.

Engineers created a smaller, faster and more efficient photonic switch, which leverages principles from quantum mechanics and could accelerate everything from streaming to training AI by supercharging data centers.

Engineers created a smaller, faster and more efficient photonic switch, which leverages principles from quantum mechanics and could accelerate everything from streaming to training AI by supercharging data centers.

A new way to identify salts in nuclear waste melters could help improve clean-up technology, including at the Hanford Site, one of the largest, most complex nuclear waste clean-up sites in the world. Researchers used two detectors to find thin layers of sulfate, chloride and fluoride salts during vitrification, a nuclear waste storage process that involves converting the waste into glass. The formation of salts can be problematic for waste processing and storage.

Researchers focus on enhancing the aerodynamic performance of autonomous vehicles by reducing drag induced by externally mounted sensors such as cameras and light detection and ranging instruments. After establishing an automated computational platform, they combined the experimental design with a substitute model and an optimization algorithm to improve the structural shapes of AV sensors. They then performed simulations of both the baseline and optimized models. After optimizing the design, researchers found a 3.44% decrease in the total aerodynamic drag of an AV.

Researchers focus on enhancing the aerodynamic performance of autonomous vehicles by reducing drag induced by externally mounted sensors such as cameras and light detection and ranging instruments. After establishing an automated computational platform, they combined the experimental design with a substitute model and an optimization algorithm to improve the structural shapes of AV sensors. They then performed simulations of both the baseline and optimized models. After optimizing the design, researchers found a 3.44% decrease in the total aerodynamic drag of an AV.

Goji berries are a ubiquitous superfood known for a multitude of health benefits, including their antibiotic properties. Researchers have now found an effective way to harvest silver nanoparticles from these berries. They created the nanoparticles by drying, grinding, and then filtering the goji berries to create an extract. Then, they added chemical silver nitrate (AgNO3) and reduced the solution. The silver nanoparticles were confirmed using visualization techniques and tested for their antimicrobial activity.

Social media companies have long struggled with moderating the behaviour of billions of users, and now it seems they are finally giving up policing their platforms in favour of a crowdsourced approach – but will it work?

We have long suspected that music has restorative qualities, but Daniel Levitin is now providing rigorous evidence that it can help treat many conditions, including depression, speech loss and Alzheimer's

The long-awaited detection of gravitational waves has opened up a whole new world of astronomy. One of the key efforts is now to tie signals across multiple domains – for example, a gravitational wave and the associated electromagnetic radiation created by that same event, such as a black hole merger or a gamma-ray burst. We’ll need new equipment to detect such “multimodal” signals, especially electromagnetic ones. One such project is the Black Hole Coded Aperture Telescope (BlackCAT), which will be launched early this year by a team led by researchers at Penn State. 

BlackCAT is designed to replace aging equipment already capturing high energy emissions, such as X-rays, in space. Swift and Fermi, two leading such telescopes, will be at least 10 years over their expected design lifetimes when a series of new gravitational wave detectors come online. Their aging capabilities limit their usefulness in finding the electromagnetic analog of the once-weekly gravitational wave events that those new detectors hope to find.

Enter BlackCAT, a mission concept initially proposed in 2019. It is designed as a 6U Cubesat with one particular detector for “soft” X-ray detection. Soft X-rays are the lower-energy versions of “hard” X-rays typically used in X-ray astronomy. However, they have the added advantage of being easier to detect. They are also easier to isolate to a specific location in the sky, which is essential when mapping a particular EM signal to the source of a gravitational wave event.

Fraser discusses the shutdown of Chandra – a previous X-Ray telescope.

To detect those lower-energy X-rays, BlackCAT has two tools in its toolbox—an array of CMOS X-ray cameras and a coded mask imager. The array of cameras, which includes four separate cameras, is called “Speedster-EXD.” It is specifically designed to react quickly to signals but only measures about 2.2 cm2 in size. However, it is still capable of producing a 550×550 pixel image. These cameras have been tested on the ground and have shown sensitivity to the wavelengths of X-rays the mission is designed for.

The coded aperture mask that helps give BlackCAT its name is a tool used to provide a wide field of view for the sensor without needing a focal point – which is hard to design for X-rays that ignore typical focusing devices like lenses and mirrors. Instead, the aperture is a plate designed with a pattern of “open” and “closed” areas that produce shadows on the detector. A computer program can then recreate the original image based on the pattern of shadows that fall across the detector.

This combination of the broad field of view with a highly sensitive X-ray detector seemed right up NASA’s alley, as they funded the project in 2021 to the tune of $5.8M. The detector will interface with an off-the-shelf 6U CubeSat provided by Clyde Space, which includes standardized power, control, and attitude adjustment systems – acting like a platform for the detector. 

Fraser discusses GRBs, one of the things BlackCAT is designed to detect.

PSU’s research team is likely in the final touches of integrating with a launch vehicle, and the plan is to launch BlackCAT early this year. When it gets up there, it can open up a whole new world in X-ray astronomy for a surprisingly low cost. Hopefully, it will show how much can be accomplished by simple, expensive, but very focused CubeSat missions.

Learn More:
Chattopadhyay et al – BlackCAT CubeSat: A Soft X-ray Sky Monitor, Transient Finder, and Burst Detector for High-energy and Multimessenger Astrophysics
Colosimo et al – Current status of the BlackCAT CubeSat
UT – SpIRIT CubeSat Demonstrates a Operational Gamma and X-Ray Detector
UT – A Collection of New Images Reveal X-Rays Across the Universe

Lead Image:
Models of the coded aperture (left) and the BlackCAT Cubesat as a whole (right.
Credit – Colosimo et al.

The post A CubeSat Mission Will Detect X-rays from GRBs and Black-Hole Mergers appeared first on Universe Today.

The tale of Fermat's last theorem took hundreds of years and included tantalising twists, disappointing errors and a contribution from the most unlikely cartoon mathematician imaginable

There are two items of interest in the Big KerFFRFle, the dispute in which the Freedom from Religion Foundation appears to be melting down over an episode in which they removed my post on gender from their website.

The first is an account of the fracas by Yontat Shimron in the Religion News Service (RNS). The piece is pretty objective but has a few glitches. Click below to read it, or find it archived here. The most interesting part is its confirmatio—heretofore only a rumor—that the FFRF has dissolved its entire Honorary Board, the board of 18 honorees from which Richard Dawkins, Stephen Pinker, and I resigned.

I’d heard rumors that the other 15 members of the Honorary Board were also vanished, even though you can still see them at this link, (archived here) found by Googling “FFRF honorary board”. Curiously, you get two links when you Google those words, with the other one, here,  showing only one name, Jeremiah Camara.  But the reporter of the piece below verified that the entire Honorary Board is gone—defunct, sleeping with the fishes and singing with the Choir Invisible.

Click to read or, if the article disappears or changes, the version posted this morning is archived here.

The part that I found most bizarre, but conforming to rumors I’ve heard, is this (also noted in the headline):

The nation’s largest freethought organization has dissolved its honorary board after three of its prominent members resigned in an ideological battle over transgender issues.

And that’s all it said, but if a reporter noted it, she must have had information. I contacted Yonat Shimron, who verified that yes, the honorary board of the FFRF has been dissolved, that this was confirmed to her by one of the co-Presidents of the FFRF, and that it was done at the behest of the FFRF’s governing board.

The conclusion, of course, is that the FFRF does not WANT an honorary board at all. Why? The only conclusion I can reach is that other honorary-board members could, in the future, cause “trouble” in the way that the three of us did, publicly criticizing the organization for its mission creep and adherence to woke gender ideology.  Ditching the other 15 (I hope they’ve been told!) is an often-seen aspect of wokeness: any index of merit that conflicts with “progressive” ideology must be effaced. (Similarly, many American colleges have dropped requirements for applicants to submit standardized test scores, like those from the SAT and ACT.)  It seems that the FFRF doesn’t want to take a chance with people on the honorary board publicly espousing the “wrong ideology.”

A tweet from Colin Wright:

I have internal confirmation that the @FFRF has indeed dissolved their Honorary Board following the public resignations of Dawkins, Pinker, and Coyne.

When your organization has abandoned its core principled, maintaining a Board of principled intellectuals becomes a liability. https://t.co/E1P0OtIoLX

— Colin Wright (@SwipeWright) January 6, 2025

There are a couple of things I am not keen on about the piece, but in general it’s objective and accurate. I do think the sub-headline overly dramatizes my claim that transwomen are more sexually predatory than “other women” (I of course meant biological women). That was certainly not the main point of my piece, which was the definition of “woman”.   But the data certainly support that claim, which shows beyond doubt that, with respect to criminal sexual behavior, trans women are not women. Anyway, this is a quibble; authors and editors have the right to emphasize what they want.

My other beef, however, is more important, as it’s a matter of accuracy. The RNS article says this. I’ve put the contentious bits in bold:

The post, which drew intense backlash, was taken down on Dec. 28, one day after it was published, prompting Coyne, Dawkins and Pinker to resign from the foundation. That led the foundation to dissolve the 14- member honorary board.

The flap offers a peek at a roiling controversy among a select group of New Atheists who have expressed views that are anti-transgender and more generally “anti-woke.” It is a position taken by another atheist group, the Center for Inquiry. But it is also hotly contested by most in the nonbeliever community. In 2021, the American Humanist Association withdrew its “Humanist of the Year” award from Dawkins over his anti-trans comments.

In an interview with RNS, Annie Laurie Gaylor, the co-president of the Freedom From Religion Foundation, took responsibility for publishing and then removing Coyne’s article.

First, I don’t know any New atheist who has expressed views that are “anti-transgender”, only discussing that the rights of transgender people might rarely conflict with the rights of other groups (viz., sports) and need to be adjudicated.  The article makes New Atheists look like people who want to erase trans folks. That ain’t true. (Yes, I suppose you can find a handful of “New Atheist” who are truly bent on curtailing all the rights of transgender people, but they are surely in the minority.)

But the bit about Dawkins is grossly distorted. Below are the purported “anti-trans” comments that Richard tweeted, comments made the AHA withdraw its award, committing a reprehensible act.  As Richard has explained, he was merely posing a question for discussion, a question first raised in 2017 by philosopher Rebecca Tuvel in a published paper (“In defense of transracialism“) that concluded that there was no substantive ethical difference between asking people to accept your non-natal gender and asking them to accept your non-natal “race.”

Tuvel’s paper caused a huge controversy because some people didn’t like the race aspect, though I read Tuvel’s paper and agree with her. Still, the editor of the journal resigned, the journal (Hypatia) apologized, and many scholars called for the paper’s removal. Tuvel, a brave soul, stuck to her guns and the paper is still up. And the question is still worth debating, as Richard noted. Why is there a difference between transgenderism and transracialism?  Isn’t that something to chew on?

Richard noted that he was simply framing the question as one to ponder, as he would with questions posed to his Oxford students to discuss in their weekly essay. You can see his tweet below, and it is certainly not “anti-trans”!  The RNS really should change that, as it borders on defamation.

In another piece, secularist, humanist, and writer Ed Buckner wrote a piece on the kerFFRFle on his Substack site. You can access it by clicking below. It is generally favorable toward the views of Richard, Steve, and I, as well as toward our resignations, but makes one point that I want to emphasize:

Buckner refers to an online essay criticizing my now-defunct essay on the FFRF site (archived here), and to an essay by Aaron Rabinowitz on the Unfriendly Atheist site, to which I’ve added the link:

To turn now more specifically to Aaron Rabinowitz’s essay on Friendly Atheist (link below if you missed it), he criticized Jerry Coyne for allegedly pretending to expertise as an ethicist, for overstepping his status as a pre-eminent biologist. But I reread Coyne’s essay with care and nowhere did he state or imply that he’s an ethicist, expert or otherwise.

And Buckner has rewritten part of what I wrote to make it conform with his own ethical beliefs. In fact I agree with Buckner’s writing, which expresses my real views, views I should expanded on in the original FFRF piece:

Coyne does offer some opinions that are related to ethics, of course.

For example,

Transgender women, for example, should not compete athletically against biological women; should not serve as rape counselors and workers in battered women’s shelters; or, if convicted of a crime, should not be placed in a women’s prison.

My own “ethical” opinion is close to Coyne’s. I would probably—but only after I studied the matter more carefully, including discussions with rape counselors and probably even with women who’ve been victims of rape or of women-batterers, modify some of what Coyne wrote slightly to say:

Neither men or women, cis- or trans-gendered, should serve as rape counselors and as workers in battered women’s shelters, unless the counselors or others working there pass a background check; even then, no one should so serve unless the clients are aware of and accept the status of the counselors/workers.

I can imagine circumstances where there might be an advantage to victims of having a man or a trans woman on hand, but the rights, needs, and wants of the victims, even if sometimes irrational, should be paramount.

I think the second version, expressing Buckner’s views, is better than what I wrote, and it does summarize views I already held (but failed to express). While I still think that at present tranwomen should not compete against biological women in sports, and shouldn’t really be running battered women’s shelters, they should not be completely barred from that job nor from acting as rape counselors—so long as (as Buckner writes), they undergo a background check and the women residents of shelters or women being counseled for rape or sexual assault are made aware that the counselor is a trans woman (a biological man) and are okay with that. This view will, of course still be seen as “transphobic” by some extremists, but there’s a very good case for holding this view in light of the rights of biological women. This involves a conflict between two groups’ “rights”, and in the interests of fairness and the needs of biological women, I come down against sports participation of transwomen and cast a very cold eye on the other two issues.

Buckner’s conclusion (bolding is Buckner’s)

Serious freethinking, requires, in my view, expressing views and understanding and accepting that your views may not be accepted as correct by everyone. Real disagreement can occur, and this should not lead FFRF or anyone else to declare, as it did in (unwisely) removing Coyne’s reply to [Kat] Grant,

We regret any distress caused by this post and are committed to ensuring it doesn’t happen again.

That’s a terrible outcome. Of course FFRF should not publish a hateful, bigoted essay (Coyne’s wasn’t) and then remove it—it should instead post essays that disagree with other essays and promise to keep posting words from people who think freely enough to not always toe anyone’s dogmatic party line—and to say so.

I posted a comment agreeing with Buckner’s rewriting of my views on shelters and counselors, but Richard also posted an excellent related comment (click to enlarge if you’re myopic or reading on a phone):

The fallout from this affair is not quite over, but I think it does constitute a twofold lesson. First, the ideology of Leftist humanists and atheists such as Richard, Steve, and I will sometimes conflict with the ideology of other Leftist humanists and atheists, particularly when it comes to wokeness. We are not a homogenous group.

Second, it is not right for organizations that promote freethought and discussion to censor people whose ideology conflicts with their own, and by “censoring” I mean first allowing the heterodox person to publish material on the organization’s website but subsequently removing it because the publication was “a mistake” that caused “distress”. That is nonsensical behavior, and it does the FFRF no credit. (I hasten to add that I always admired, and still admire, the FFRF’s initiatives to keep religion out of government and educate people about nontheism.)

Anyway, read Buckner’s piece; there’s a lot more in it than I’ve described above.

Industrial waste can make rudimentary batteries. That's likely no good in electric cars etc, but could be ideal for stashing away vast surpluses of renewable power.

When it comes to exploring our planetary neighbours, Mars tends to get a lot of the attention. For one thing its easier to explore as the environment is far less hostile than other planets but it also offers the tantalising possibility of finding evidence of primitive life, past or present! Venus however is still a fascinating world and perhaps one that gives us a glimpse into our future if we don’t do something to check global warming. A team of scientists are proposing an official Venus Exploration Program for NASA similar to the existing Mars program. 

Venus is the second planet from the Sun and has often been referred to as Earth’s twin! This is chiefly due to its similar size and composition however, despite these similarities, Venus and Earth are worlds apart! Its thick carbon dioxide atmosphere traps heat causing the surface temperature to rocket to just under 500 degrees. It’s surface is hidden beneath thick clouds of sulfuric acid, and its atmospheric pressure is about 90 times that of Earth’s. There is no doubt, Venus is not somewhere you would want to go on your cosmic holidays. Despite all of this, and despite the challenges, Venus does remain a fascinating place to study.

Venus

Following a recommendation that NASA should develop scientific exploration strategies as it has for Mars; VEXAG, the Venus Exploration Analysis Group, was established. This community-driven initiative has been established by NASA to facilitate and provide scientific and mission support and planning to the exploration of one of our nearest planetary neighbours. VEXAG is composed of researchers, planners and engineers whose goal is to assess various scientific objectives to inform NASAs future mission to Venus. 

Radar image of Venus created by the Solar System Visualization project and the Magellan science team at the JPL Multimission Image Processing Laboratory. This is a single frame from a video released at the October 29, 1991, JPL news conference. (Credit: NASA/JPL)

The VEXAG mission to develop a new Venus exploration strategy by reflecting upon the 2021 selections of the VERITAS (an orbiter designed to reveal how the paths of Venus and Earth diverged, and how Venus lost its potential as a habitable world,) DAVINCI (to explore whether the inhospitable surface of Venus could once have been a twin of Earth,) and EnVision (studying atmosphere of Venus) missions. 

Illustration of NASA’s DAVINCI probe falling to the surface of Venus. (Credit: NASA GSFC visualization by CI Labs Michael Lentz and others)

There are still lots of unanswered questions surrounding Venus from how it loses heat to  how geologically active it is and how has the atmosphere evolved over time. These and other questions are the focus of the exploration strategy and it is the VEXAG objective to look at the scientific, technological and programmatic advances required to address them. 

The report is comprehensive and offers a much needed assessment of the exploration of Venus. The existing slated and previously highlighted missions to Venus will likely launch during the early part of the next decade provide for an opportunity to address some of the outstanding questions. 

It will take some months before the measurements provide the much needed insight however additional missions are needed to address all of the remaining questions. It is now down to organisations like NASA and its international peers to take the next step to develop a new strategy for the exploration of Venus. 

Source : A New Strategy for the Exploration of Venus

The post Venus is Important. We Should Take its Exploration Seriously. appeared first on Universe Today.