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Today we have some photographs by Lou Jost of the recent Aurora Borealis that was visible from the U.S.  Lou’s notes are indented, and you can enlarge the photos by clicking on them.

Although Lou works in Ecuador as a biologist, he was visiting the U.S. and saw this as lagniappe:

The earth has just moved through one of the strongest solar storms of the last century, and on Oct 10 this produced one of the most spectacular displays of aurora borealis ever seen in the midwest US. There were  even reports of aurora borealis as far south as Mexico and Puerto Rico!

I was visiting my brother that night in southern Wisconsin near the Illinois border. He saw the NASA aurora forecast and we decided to head out to a dark spot to see what we could see. We had heard that mostly it would be invisible to the naked eye and we would need to use a telephone camera to see the colors. But even while we were driving the car to our dark spot, we began to see faint moving bands of light in the sky,

When we got to the dark spot we were astonished to see deep red lights mixed with pale teal green stripes. I thought the aurora was always just green but I now know that especially powerful solar storms make reds and purples and blues too. We saw all those colors, pulsing and re-grouping into stripes and swirls. I had never seen aurora borealis in my whole life, so I was deeply surprised by this display. It was captured by many observers around the country but I think what we saw in Wisconsin was as stunning and colorful as anywhere.

The attached photos are unedited straight-off-the-telephone handheld shots taken by Paul Jost and Ayesha Abbassi; the hooded head in one of the photos is me. The bright light on the lower left corner of one shot is the half-moon, blurred by camera movement.  I am sure this would have been visible from dark areas outside of Chicago, and maybe even from the Chicago lakeshore looking out at the darker skies above Lake Michigan. The aurora changes very quickly and it is necessary to watch the aurora forecast, which is based on actual solar activity measurements made from a space satellite, and it has a 35 minute lead time.

There are many good websites that discuss the complex causes of the aurora. I learned that the red we saw was very unusual and probably caused by oxygen excitation hundreds of kilometers above the earth, while greens are caused  by a different oxygen energy level emission lower in the atmosphere.

https://www.nps.gov/articles/-articles-aps-v8-i1-c9.htm

https://www.theaurorazone.com/about-the-aurora/the-science-of-the-northern-lights/the-northern-lights-colours/

https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/astronomy/northern-lights/colours-of-northern-lights.asp

People who listen to music after having surgery report lower levels of pain and require less morphine than those who don't

WWTI doctors' cared only about infecting unvaccinated children with SAR-CoV-2, and they were willing to blatantly contradict themselves and make things up achieve this goal.

The post Dr. Sunetra Gupta Versus Dr. Sunetra Gupta first appeared on Science-Based Medicine.

The search for exoplanets has grown immensely in recent decades thanks to next-generation observatories and instruments. The current census is 5,766 confirmed exoplanets in 4,310 systems, with thousands more awaiting confirmation. With so many planets available for study, exoplanet studies and astrobiology are transitioning from the discovery process to characterization. Essentially, this means that astronomers are reaching the point where they can directly image exoplanets and determine the chemical composition of their atmospheres.

As always, the ultimate goal is to find terrestrial (rocky) exoplanets that are “habitable,” meaning they could support life. However, our notions of habitability have been primarily focused on comparisons to modern-day Earth (i.e., “Earth-like“), which has come to be challenged in recent years. In a recent study, a team of astrobiologists considered how Earth has changed over time, giving rise to different biosignatures. Their findings could inform future exoplanet searches using next-generation telescopes like the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO), destined for space by the 2040s.

The study was led by Kenneth Goodis Gordon, a graduate student with the University of Central Florida’s (UCF) Planetary Sciences Group. He was joined by researchers from the SETI Institute, the Virtual Planetary Laboratory Team at the University of Washington, NASA’s Nexus for Exoplanet System Science (NESS), the Space Science Division and Astrobiology Division at the NASA Ames Research Center, the Sellers Exoplanet Environments Collaboration (SEEC) at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The paper that describes their findings is being considered for publication in The Astrophysical Journal.

Artist concept of Earth during the Late Heavy Bombardment period. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab.

As the team indicates in their paper, the current census of exoplanets includes more than 200 terrestrial planets, dozens of which have been observed in their parent stars’ habitable zone (HZ). Many more are expected in the coming years, thanks to next-generation instruments like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope (ELT). Equipped with cutting-edge spectrometers, adaptive optics, and coronographs, these and other telescopes will enable the characterization of exoplanets, identify biosignatures, and determine their habitability.

This is a complex problem since a range of different planetary, orbital, and stellar parameters must be considered. To date, Earth is the only planet known to harbor life, which limits our perspective. But as Goodis Gordon told Universe Today via email, this is not the only way in which habitability studies have been constrained:

“Currently, there is only one example of a planet known to harbor life: our own Earth. However, when we think of habitability, most of the time, people will only relate that term to modern-day Earth-like conditions: large-scale vegetation, animals, humans, etc. This can severely limit our approach to finding habitable exoplanets because it only provides us with one data point to compare against.

“But we know from biogeochemical analyses that the Earth is not just one data point and that our planet has actually been habitable for eons. So better understanding the signatures of the Earth throughout its evolution provides us with more comparison points when searching for habitable worlds elsewhere.”

For instance, life emerged on Earth during the Archeon Eon (ca. 4 billion years ago), when the atmosphere was predominantly composed of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, and inert gases. By the late Paleoproterozoic Era (ca. 2.5 to 1.6 billion years ago), the Great Oxygenation Event occurred after a billion years of cyanobacterial photosynthesis. This period lasted from 2.46 to 2.06 billion years ago and caused Earth’s atmosphere to transition from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere, which led to the emergence of more complex life forms.

Artist’s impression of Earth during the Archean Eon. Credit: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

During this same period, the Sun underwent evolutionary changes over the past 4.5 billion years. At this time, the Sun was 30% dimmer than it is today and has gradually grown brighter and hotter since. Despite this, Earth maintained liquid water on its surface, and life continued to survive and evolve. The complex interrelationship between Earth’s evolving atmosphere and our Sun’s evolution is key to maintaining habitability for billions of years. As Goodis Gordon explained:

“In addition to that, current exoplanet characterization strategies tend to rely solely on the unpolarized light received from these worlds, which studies have shown can result in errors in the retrieved fluxes and degeneracies in the calculated planetary parameters. For example, if an exoplanet has really thick clouds or hazes in its atmosphere, the observed flux spectrum can be flat with almost no spectral features. This makes it extremely difficult to detect what gases are in the atmosphere or even what those clouds or hazes that blocked the light are made of.”

In recent years, several studies have examined the flux and polarization signatures of light reflected by an early Earth. Others have simulated different scenarios throughout the Archean, Proterozoic (2.5 billion to 541 million years ago), and Phanerozoic Eons (538.8 million years ago to the present). Lastly, some studies analyzed how the signatures of these early-Earth analogs would change if they orbited different types of stars. But as Goodis Gordon pointed out, nearly all of these studies focused on the unpolarized flux from these worlds, so they missed some of the information available in the light:

“Polarization is a more sensitive tool than flux-only observations and can enhance exoplanet characterizations. Polarimetry is extremely sensitive to the physical mechanism scattering the light, thereby allowing for accurate characterizations of the properties of a planetary atmosphere and surface. Also, since polarization measures light as a vector, it is sensitive to the locations of features on the planet, such as cloud and land distributions, as well as diurnal rotation and seasonal variability.

“Within the Solar System, polarimetric observations helped characterize the clouds of Titan, Venus, and the gas giants, while outside of it, polarimetry has been used to characterize the cloud properties of brown dwarfs. In most of these cases, the characterizing discovery was possible only with polarimetry!”

This artist’s concept features one of multiple initial possible design options for NASA’s Habitable Worlds Observatory. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab

This could have profound implications for the study and characterization of exoplanets in the near future. Using an expanded concept of habitability that takes into account how Earth has evolved over time and benefits from the study of polarized light, astronomers will likely identify far more habitable planets when next-generation observatories like the HWO become available. The plans for this observatory build upon two earlier mission concepts – the Large Ultraviolet Optical Infrared Surveyor (LUVOIR) and the Habitable Exoplanets Observatory (HabEx).

Based on these previous studies and the experience astronomers have accrued by working with previous exoplanet-hunting missions—i.e., Hubble, Kepler, the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), and the JWST—the HWO will be designed specifically to examine the “atmospheres of exoplanets for potential indications of life” (aka “biosignatures”) and determine if they are potentially habitable planets. As Goodis Gordon indicated, his team’s research could help inform future surveys using the HWO and other next-generation observatories:

“Our models provide more data points to compare observations of terrestrial exoplanets against and therefore help to inform habitability studies of these worlds. Additionally, there has been a push in the exoplanet community in recent years to include polarimetry in near-future observatories like the Extremely Large Telescopes on the ground or the Habitable Worlds Observatory in space. Our hope is that our models will help prove the power of polarimetry in characterizing and distinguishing between different habitable exoplanet scenarios in ways that unpolarized flux observations cannot.”

Further Reading: arXiv

The post Establishing a New Habitability Metric for Future Astrobiology Surveys appeared first on Universe Today.

A research team is exploring new battery technologies for grid energy storage. The team's recent results suggest that iron, when treated with the electrolyte additive silicate, could create a high-performance alkaline battery anode.

Predicting the behavior of many interacting quantum particles is a complicated process but is key to harness quantum computing for real-world applications. Researchers have developed a method for comparing quantum algorithms and identifying which quantum problems are the hardest to solve.

Predicting the behavior of many interacting quantum particles is a complicated process but is key to harness quantum computing for real-world applications. Researchers have developed a method for comparing quantum algorithms and identifying which quantum problems are the hardest to solve.

How do complex mixtures of chemicals affect our health? New research has shown that chemicals that occur in complex mixtures and in concentration ratios as found in humans act together. Even if the concentrations of the individual substances were each below the effect threshold, the chemicals in the mixture showed a cumulative neurotoxic effect.

The Artemis program involves impressive technological advancements in robotics, communications, spacecraft, and advanced habitats, all of which are clearly necessary for such an ambitious endeavour. But the mission also requires updated spacesuits. Those spacesuits are critical to mission success, and the Italian luxury fashion house Prada is adding their knowledge and experience to the design.

More than 50 years have passed since the last human walked on the Moon. Entirely new technologies have been available since then, though spacesuits don’t look like they’ve changed that much, at least on the surface. But Axiom Space, the NASA contractor creating the new spacesuits, says they’ve redefined spacesuit development—and they’ve done it with help from Prada.

“We’re blending engineering, science and art.”

Russel Ralston, Axiom Space’s Executive Vice President of Extravehicular Activity.

It’s tempting to dismiss Prada as just a fashion brand. But according to the two companies, Prada has “expertise on high-performance materials, features, and sewing techniques,” that are critical to the new spacesuit.

“This is a groundbreaking partnership,” said Russel Ralston, Axiom Space’s Executive Vice President of Extravehicular Activity. “We’re blending engineering, science and art.”

“Our elite teams have redefined spacesuit development, establishing new pathways to innovative solutions and applying a state-of-the-art design approach for the AxEMU,” said Matt Ondler, the President of Axiom Space. “We have broken the mold. The Axiom Space-Prada partnership has set a new foundational model for cross-industry collaboration, further expanding what’s possible in commercial space.”

The AxEMU is impressive. It’s a single architecture that can be adapted for missions to the lunar surface and to Low-Earth Orbit. It can accommodate a wide range of body sizes from the first to the 99th percentile and is more flexible due to innovative soft and hard joints. This provides greater flexibility and allows more precise geological and scientific work while maximizing astronaut comfort.

The AxEMU spacesuit includes custom gloves made in-house, featuring several advancements over the gloves currently in use. Image Credit: Axiom Space/Prada

According to Axiom, the AxEMU is more reliable than previous suits and built-in redundancies provide increased safety for astronauts. If something fails, those redundancies allow astronauts to return to a spacecraft or habitat, where another benefit of the suit comes into play. The new suit is designed to be maintained in orbit.

Artemis aims to explore the Moon’s polar regions, where temperatures plummet to as low as -238°C (-396°F) in permanently shadowed craters. AxEMU can keep astronauts alive for two hours in those temperatures, and they will be able to perform spacewalks for eight hours.

This infographic highlights some of AxEMU’s components and capabilities. The suit features biometric monitoring, in-suit athlete-level nutrition, and 4G/LTE communications. Image Credit: Axiom Space/Prada

AxEMU employs an innovative regenerative carbon dioxide scrubbing system. This is an improvement over other suits, which employed lithium hydroxide (LiOH) canisters to absorb CO2 and had to be replaced after each use.

While many of the suit’s improvements are strictly technological, Prada contributed to its overall design. Both Prada and Axiom Space praise their ongoing partnership.

Lorenzo Bertelli is the Prada Group’s Chief Marketing Officer and Head of Corporate Social Responsibility. Bertelli said, “Going beyond our limits is one of the company’s values that perfectly reflects the spirit of the Prada brand and my parents’ vision. I’m very proud of the result we’re showing today, which is just the first step in a long-term collaboration with Axiom Space. We’ve shared our expertise on high-performance materials, features, and sewing techniques, and we learned a lot. I’m sure we’ll continue to explore new challenges, broaden our horizons, and build new scenarios together.”

“We are pioneering a new era in space exploration where partnerships are imperative to the commercialization of space,” said Ralston. “Partnerships build a strong, cohesive team, enabling industry experts to provide cutting-edge technology, specialized products and services to drive innovation. For the first time, we are leveraging expertise in other industries to craft a better solution for space.”

New visor coatings on the AxEMU give astronauts improved vision. Image Credit: Axiom Space/Prada.

From gloves to boots to electronics and visor coatings and everything in between, the AxEMU is an improvement over previous suits. Over the past two years, Axiom Space has been iteratively improving the design with an eye on the scheduled moon landing in 2026. They’ve tested the suit extensively with astronauts and with simulations in state-of-the-art facilities at SpaceX, NASA, and in-house. They also tested the suit underwater to simulate the lunar environment with an unoccupied spacesuit at NASA’s Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) and reduced gravity simulations at NASA’s Johnson Space Center.

AxEMU is nearing its final testing stage. In 2025, it will enter its critical design testing phase. If all goes well, Artemis astronauts will wear them when they set foot on the Moon in 2026.

The post The Artemis Astronauts are Getting New Spacesuits With Some Help From Prada appeared first on Universe Today.

In 1995, Caltech researchers at the Institute’s Palomar Observatory first observed what appeared to be a brown dwarf orbiting Gliese 229 – a red dwarf star located about 19 light-years from Earth. Since then, this brown dwarf (Gliese 229 B) has mystified astronomers because it appeared too dim for its mass. With 70 times the mass of Jupiter, it should have been brighter than what telescopes had observed. However, a Caltech-led international team of astronomers recently solved the mystery by determining that the brown dwarf is a pair of closely orbiting twins!

The study was led by Jerry W. Xuan, a graduate student in Caltech’s Department of Astronomy working with Dimitri Mawet, the David Morrisroe Professor of Astronomy. They were joined by an international team from institutes and universities around the world, including the National Research Council of Canada Herzberg, the European Southern Observatory (ESO), the European Space Agency (ESA), the Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) and Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE), and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).

Their study, which appeared in Nature, was funded by NASA and the Heising-Simons Foundation. The study team responsible for discovering Gliese 229 B in 1995 included several co-authors on this latest study, including Rebecca Oppenheimer, a Caltech graduate student at the time (now an astrophysicist at the American Museum of Natural History); Shri Kulkarni, the George Ellery Hale Professor of Astronomy and Planetary Science; Keith Matthews, an instrument specialist at Caltech; and other colleagues.

At the time, their findings indicated that Gliese 229 B had methane in its atmosphere, which is typical of gas giants but not stars. These findings constituted the first confirmed detection of a brown dwarf, a class of cool star-like objects that constitute the “missing link” between gas giants and stars that had been predicted about 30 years prior. “Seeing the first object smaller than a star orbiting another sun was exhilarating,” said Oppenheimer in a Caltech news release, “It started a cottage industry of people seeking oddballs like it back then, but it remained an enigma for decades.”

“Gliese 229 B was considered the poster-child brown dwarf,” added Xuan. “And now we know we were wrong all along about the nature of the object. It’s not one but two. We just weren’t able to probe separations this close until now.” Hundreds of observations have been conducted since Gliese 229 B was discovered nearly 30 years ago, but its dimness remained a mystery to astronomers. While scientists suspected Gliese 229 B might be twins, the two brown dwarfs would have to be very close to each other to evade notice for almost three decades.

To confirm this theory, the team relied on the GRAVITY interferometer on the ESO’s Very Large Telescope in Chile to spatially resolve the two brown dwarfs. They then used the CRyogenic high-resolution InfraRed Echelle Spectrograph (CRIRES+) instrument to detect their distinct spectral signatures and measure their Doppler shift. Their results showed that Gliese 229 B consists of two brown dwarfs (Gliese 229 Ba and Gliese 229 Bb) about 38 and 34 times the mass of Jupiter, that orbit each other with a period of 12 days and a separation of 16 times the distance between Earth and the Moon.

The observed brightness levels also match what is expected for two small brown dwarfs in this mass range. “This discovery that Gliese 229 B is binary not only resolves the recent tension observed between its mass and luminosity but also significantly deepens our understanding of brown dwarfs, which straddle the line between stars and giant planets,” said Mawet, a senior research scientist at NASA JPL. The discovery of this duo raises new questions about how tight-knit brown dwarfs form and suggests similar binaries may be out there and waiting to be found.

An artist’s conception of looking back at Sol from the binary brown dwarf system WISE 1049-5319, 6.5 light years distant. Credit: Janella Williams, Penn State University

Some theories suggest that brown dwarf pairs could form within a star’s protoplanetary disk that fragments into two seeds of brown dwarfs that become gravitationally bound after a close encounter. The same mechanism might lead to closely orbiting exoplanet binaries, though all of this remains to be seen. In the meantime, said Oppenheimer, this discovery is a very exciting development. “These two worlds whipping around each other are actually smaller in radius than Jupiter,” she said. “They’d look quite strange in our night sky if we had something like them in our own solar system. This is the most exciting and fascinating discovery in substellar astrophysics in decades.”

In the future, Xuan and his colleagues plan to search for more brown dwarf binaries using existing and next-generation instruments. This includes the Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer (KPIC) and the Keck Observatory’s High-resolution Infrared SPectrograph for Exoplanet Characterization (HISPEC). A team led by Mawet developed the former, while the latter is currently under construction at Caltech and other laboratories by teams also led by Mawet.

A separate independent study that appeared in The Astrophysical Journal Letters was led by Sam Whitebook and Tim Brandt, a Caltech graduate student and an associate astronomer at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore (respectively). Their findings also concluded that Gliese 229 B is a pair of tightly-orbiting brown dwarfs.

Further Reading: Caltech, Nature

The post Astronomers Solve the Mystery of the Famed Brown Dwarf That is Too Bright: It’s Twins! appeared first on Universe Today.

Researchers developed HuBar, a visual analytics tool that summarizes and compares task performance sessions in augmented reality (AR) by analyzing performer behavior and cognitive workload. Using aviation as a case study, the research team demonstrated that HuBar provides insights into pilot behavior and mental states, helping researchers and trainers identify patterns, pinpoint areas of difficulty, and optimize AR-assisted training programs to improve learning outcomes and real-world performance.

Astronomers observed ancient quasars that appear to be surprisingly alone in the early universe. The findings challenge physicists' understanding of how such luminous objects could have formed so early on in the universe, without a significant source of surrounding matter to fuel their growth.

A new study found a strong association between handheld cellphone use and risky driving behaviors among newly licensed teen drivers. The study used a smartphone telematics application to track the driving habits of hundreds of teens and identify potential safety risks.

Being bullied when young seems to alter your brain structure for years to come - with different changes seen in males and females

Researchers created a liquid gel that quickly transforms into a spongelike antimicrobial foam to stymie severe bleeding and ultimately preserve lives.

A new computational model analyzes the factors that help determine whether debunking efforts will persuade people to change their beliefs about the legitimacy of an election.

Research explores how tiny features in nanomaterials, known as triple junctions, play a crucial role in maintaining the stability of these materials under high temperatures.

By combining the genetic sequencing and analysis of the microbes in a milk sample with artificial intelligence (AI), researchers were able to detect anomalies in milk production, such as contamination or unauthorized additives. The new approach could help improve dairy safety.

A new device consists of four flexible petals equipped with platinum electrodes, which curl around the spheroid when exposed to the liquid that supports the cell structure. This actuation is driven by the swelling of a soft hydrogel, making the device both gentle on the tissue and easy to use. Designed to be compatible with existing electrophysiological systems, the e-Flower offers a plug-and-play solution for researchers, avoiding the need for complex external actuators or harmful solvents. Once the technology is applied to organoids, the ability to record electrical activity from all sides will provide a much more comprehensive understanding of brain processes. Researchers hope this will lead to new insights into neurodevelopment, brain injury recovery, and neurological diseases.

Mechanical and aerospace engineers have created a more efficient way to optimize manufacturing systems, improving speed and quality while reducing waste.