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Distorted galaxy forming cosmic question mark

Space and time from Science Daily Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 11:15am
It's 7 billion years ago, and the universe's heyday of star formation is beginning to slow. What might our Milky Way galaxy have looked like at that time? Astronomers have found clues in the form of a cosmic question mark, the result of a rare alignment across light-years of space.
Categories: Science

A Review of Humanity’s Planned Expansion Between the Earth and the Moon

Universe Today Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 11:02am

Between Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and the Moon, there is a region of space measuring 384,400 km (238,855 mi) wide known as Cislunar space. In the coming decades, multiple space agencies will send missions to this region to support the development of infrastructure that will lead to a permanent human presence on the Moon. This includes orbital and surface habitats, landing pads, surface vehicles, technologies for in-situ resource utilization (ISRU), and other elements that will enable the long-term exploration and development of the lunar surface.

For all parties concerned, Cislunar space holds immense potential in terms of scientific, commercial, and military applications. The vastly increased level of activity on and around the Moon makes space domain awareness (SDA) – knowledge of all operations within a region of space – paramount. It is also necessary to ensure the continued success and utilization of the covered region. In a recent paper, a team of aerospace engineers considered the missions planned for the coming decades and evaluated the state and shortcomings of their space domain awareness.

The study was led by Brian Baker-McEvilly, an aerospace engineering graduate student at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU). He was joined by David Canales, an assistant professor of aerospace engineering at ERAU, and Surabhi Bhadauria and Carolin Frueh, a Ph.D. candidate and an assistant professor at Purdue University’s School of Aeronautics and Astronautics. The paper that describes their findings recently appeared online and is being considered for publication by

NASA’s Lunar Surface Sustainability Concept, which includes the Artemis Program. Credit: NASA Space Domain Awareness

Also known as “space situational awareness,” SDA is essential to operations in space. As Baker-McEvilly explained to Universe Today via email:

“SDA is essentially the concept of having comprehensive knowledge of all objects in a specific region without necessarily having direct communication with those objects. It is essential for the safety and security of spacecraft as it provides valuable information on objects in their vicinity that have the potential to influence the outcome of their mission. Some general examples of the importance of SDA are the information helps avoid collisions, ensures accurate tracking information, and provides knowledge on other space activities.”

As NASA states, the goal of the Artemis Program is to “create a sustained program of lunar exploration and development.” Similarly, China, Roscosmos, and the ESA hope to create lunar habitats and related infrastructure to allow for a permanent human presence on the Moon. A key element of these programs is to create habitats in the Moon’s southern polar region (the South Pole-Aitken Basin). These activities will require considerable support in the form of payload deliveries, and the export of lunar resources will similarly require regular missions to and from the lunar surface. Given this level of activity, SDA will be more vital than ever.

Many Plans

As per the Artemis Program, NASA intends to conduct the first circumlunar flight with a crewed Orion spacecraft (Artemis II) no sooner than September 2025. This will be followed by Artemis III in September 2026, the first crewed mission to the lunar surface since Apollo 17 in 1972. This will be accomplished by launching a crewed Orion spacecraft using the Space Launch System (SLS) to lunar orbit. The Human Landing System (HLS) provided by SpaceX – the Starship HLS – will launch separately, refuel in orbit, and then rendezvous with the Orion spacecraft around the Moon.

Once the transfer of two astronauts to the HLS is complete, they will fly down to the lunar surface and spend about 30 days conducting experiments and retrieving samples. Beyond Artemis III, NASA will begin to focus on deploying the core elements of the Lunar Gateway, which will launch in 2027 aboard a Falcon Heavy rocket. The Artemis IV mission will follow in September 2028 and will see a crew of four transfer from an Orion spacecraft to the Lunar Gateway for the first time. After that, NASA intends to send a mission a year to the lunar surface and deploy the elements of the Artemis Base Camp. These will include the following:

Credit: NASA

In addition, China and Russia have announced their intentions to create the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS), which would rival NASA’s proposed infrastructure. The proposed timeline involves three phases. The Reconnaissance phase will conclude with the Chang’e-7 mission (launching in 2026), which will continue to explore the lunar surface around the South Pole-Aitken Basin to scout for resources and assess possible sites for a future habitat. Phase Two, Construction, will occur between 2026 and 2035 and will see the deployment of the elements that make up the ILRS.

Meanwhile, the European Space Agency (ESA) has made multiple studies and proposals for an international lunar base that would serve the same purpose as the International Space Station (ISS). Previous proposals include the ESA’s Moon Village, which consisted of a facility extending beneath the surface and a dome covered in regolith that would allow access to the surface. This was followed in 2019 with the ESA and international architecture firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) proposing a series of semi-inflatable modules deployed along the rim of a lunar crater.

The latest concept was another collaborative effort between the ESA and the international architecture firm Hassel. Their proposal, the Lunar Habitat Master Plan, consists of a modular, scalable habitat system that can accommodate a settlement of up to 144 people. As part of their study, Baker-McEvilly and his colleagues reviewed these plans and identified two major trends. As he related.

“Two key trends emerge when looking over these missions; the importance of establishing sustainable operations and the strategic value of the Lunar South Pole. Many future missions have objectives to test new technologies that support sustainable operations on the Moon, such as water harvesting methods from Lunar regolith for astronauts, efficient landing methods to support constant movement to and from the surface of the Moon, or utilizing orbital trajectories that require little fuel to remain within.

“The Lunar South Pole is a key piece of Cislunar space as it is an efficient geographic location for these sustainable operations. The South Pole possesses permanently shadowed craters that contain concentrations of water within the regolith. Also, the near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) that will house Gateway spends the majority of its trajectory within line of sight of the South Pole and requires very little fuel to maintain under outside perturbations.”

Getting There

Another key aspect of their study was the dynamics of the Cislunar environment and the challenges of sending spacecraft from the Earth to the Moon. These challenges are well-known, thanks to decades of sending robotic missions there, not to mention crewed missions in the form of the Apollo Program. In the coming decades, this region is expected to become rather crowded with satellites, spacecraft, the Lunar Gateway, and other orbital facilities. Things are made more complicated by the fact that any object in Cislunar space will have to contend with the Three-Body Problem. Said Baker-McEvilly:

“[The] dynamics of the Cislunar realm become challenging due to the introduction of the third body in the orbital mechanics problem. As of now, the three-body problem does not have a closed-form solution, and a spacecraft under the influence of both the Earth and Moon no longer moves in the traditional two-body Keplerian sense that many are familiar with. This causes many of the traditional methods in astrodynamics to break down, thus requiring new models and methods to solve problems.”

In the end, they identified a few families of orbits that highlight the unique geometry of periodic trajectories in the Three-Body Problem, as well as orbits that may have strategic use in the future. However, as Baker-McEvilly added, these trajectories are not all-encompassing, and many more exist that have been well-documented.

Shortcomings

Upon reviewing the existing and anticipated missions that will be going to the Moon in the coming decades, Baker-McEvilly and his colleagues identified several shortcomings where SDA was concerned. They also provide recommendations on how these can be addressed. As he indicated:

“The SDA methods used to monitor objects about the Earth that rely on Earth-based sensors do not directly translate to being able to view objects in Cislunar space. The significant distance an Earth-based sensor must cover to reach areas of Cislunar space is outside the capabilities of many sensors, especially radar systems. For the sensors capable of spanning this distance, such as the Deep Space Network, they are often already overtasked and are too valuable to only be dedicated to SDA.

“Another shortcoming is the challenging illumination conditions optical sensors must overcome to view objects deep in Cislunar space. Issues such as the Moon physically blocking view of missions on the far-side, or the light reflected off the Moon washing out light reflected off a spacecraft hinders the capabilities of optical sensors. As a result, there are important regions of Cislunar space that are not always in view by current sensor networks.”

Artist’s representation of Cislunar space, with distances included. Credit: Paul Spudis.

As Baker-McEvilly noted, researchers are investigating many approaches to address the gap in Cislunar SDA capabilities. Some possibilities include placing sensors on the Moon, improving the network of Earth-based sensors, or implementing constellations of satellite-based sensors throughout Cislunar space. In his opinion, some combination of these solutions is best suited to solving the SDA gap. He also hopes their study provides researchers, students, and those interested in lunar exploration with a foundation on the current state of Cislunar space and the issues it faces.

“The key issues highlighted across the analysis in Cislunar exploration and SDA may incline some readers to pay more attention to these points and come up with their own work that contributes to the solution or prevent similar failures from repeating themselves,” he said.

Further Reading: arXiv

The post A Review of Humanity’s Planned Expansion Between the Earth and the Moon appeared first on Universe Today.

Categories: Science

Get ready to spot comet Tsuchinshan-ATLAS next month

New Scientist Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 11:00am
Comet C/2023 A3, also known as Tsuchinshan–ATLAS, is expected to grace our skies from mid-October. Abigail Beall is hoping for a dazzling display
Categories: Science

A podcast explores how sport is drawing the line between men and women

New Scientist Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 11:00am
The deeply researched podcast series Tested tells the stories of Namibian sprinter Christine Mboma and Kenya’s Maximila Imali, and how their early successes made their womanhood suspect to some
Categories: Science

Close-up photographs of seeds show their intricate beauty

New Scientist Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 11:00am
These images are taken from a new book, Seeds: Time capsules of life, which explores how plant life has flourished in the past 360 million years
Categories: Science

Two new books explore how UFOs captured the world’s imagination

New Scientist Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 11:00am
Greg Eghigian's After the Flying Saucers Came and Luis Elizondo's Imminent both show how our fascination with UFOs goes beyond simple curiosity
Categories: Science

We need transparency from the companies disseminating misinformation

New Scientist Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 11:00am
As misinformation about the upcoming US elections rockets across social media, creating chaos, companies need to be honest about where this content is coming from, says Annalee Newitz
Categories: Science

A note from the executive editor on New Scientist Live

New Scientist Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 11:00am
There's just over a month to go before the world's greatest festival of ideas and discoveries, so grab your tickets now, says Timothy Revell
Categories: Science

Does this title say it all? "Penile injuries from vacuum cleaners"

New Scientist Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 11:00am
Feedback is delighted to receive a response, however excruciating, from a junior doctor to the call for papers in which The Title Tells You Everything You Need to Know
Categories: Science

Media portrayals peddle a dangerous fiction about substance misuse

New Scientist Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 11:00am
Narratives around addiction often reduce it to a series of poor choices, lack of values and weakness. This has real-world consequences, warns Anna Wolfe
Categories: Science

Nexus review: Yuval Noah Harari is out of his depth in his new book

New Scientist Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 11:00am
The author of Sapiens has turned his attention to the information networks that shape our societies, but when you stop and think about what he's saying, it's obvious
Categories: Science

The Starliner stranding shows why NASA was wise to have a backup plan

New Scientist Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 11:00am
Space missions are extremely hard. Things going wrong should be expected, so having a sensible plan B is crucial
Categories: Science

Study shows how oceans are key to addressing global challenges

Matter and energy from Science Daily Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 10:10am
Research shows how oceans can be used to help address major challenges such as the shortage of antimicrobial medicines, solutions for plastic pollution and novel enzymes for genome editing.
Categories: Science

Traditional infrastructure design often makes extreme flooding events worse

Matter and energy from Science Daily Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 10:10am
Much of the nation's stormwater infrastructure, designed decades to a century ago to prevent floods, can exacerbate flooding during the severe weather events that are increasing around the globe.
Categories: Science

A new role for intelligent tutors powered by AI in brain surgery?

Computers and Math from Science Daily Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 10:10am
Researchers are designing real-time, intelligent tutors powered by AI. These systems mimic human surgical instructors in brain surgical training. Intelligent tutors help the learner acquire excellent skills by continuously assessing hand movements during simulated brain procedures and providing personalized verbal feedback.
Categories: Science

AI food tracking apps need improvement to address accuracy, cultural diversity

Computers and Math from Science Daily Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 10:10am
A study has found that improved artificial intelligence (AI) training is required when developing nutrition apps that are used to track food intake or manage weight.
Categories: Science

Artificial intelligence platform demonstrates promising results in effectively treating a patient with a rare cancer

Computers and Math from Science Daily Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 10:10am
In a first-of-its-kind clinical trial, a team leveraged an artificial intelligence-derived platform to guide treatment for a patient with a rare blood cancer.
Categories: Science

Flexible tentacle electrodes precisely record brain activity

Matter and energy from Science Daily Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 10:09am
Researchers have developed ultra-flexible brain probes that accurately record brain activity without causing tissue damage. This opens up new avenues for the treatment of a range of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Categories: Science

'Forever chemicals' influence the development and function of the brain

Matter and energy from Science Daily Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 10:09am
Some per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are poorly degradable and are also known as 'forever chemicals'. They adversely affect health and can lead to liver damage, obesity, hormonal disorders, and cancer. A research team has investigated the effects of PFAS on the brain. Using a combination of modern molecular biology methods and the zebrafish model, the researchers revealed the mechanism of action and identified the genes involved.
Categories: Science

Scientists use magnetic nanotech to safely rewarm frozen tissues for transplant

Matter and energy from Science Daily Feed - Wed, 09/04/2024 - 10:09am
Every day, people die waiting for an organ transplant. Time is at a premium, not just for those awaiting organs, but also for the organs themselves, which can deteriorate rapidly during transportation. Looking to extend the viability of human tissues, researchers report on their efforts to facilitate completely freezing, rather than cooling and then thawing, potentially life-saving organs. They demonstrate a magnetic nanoparticle's successful rewarming of animal tissues.
Categories: Science

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