News Feeds

On January 20th, 2024, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) made history when its Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) made a soft landing on the Moon, becoming the first Japanese robotic mission to do so. This small-scale lander was designed to investigate the origins of the Moon and test technologies that are fundamental to exploring the low-gravity lunar environment. Unfortunately, mission controllers lost contact with the lander after April 28th, 2024, and have spent the last few months trying to reestablish communications.

Previous attempts occurred during the lander’s operational periods between May and July but were unsuccessful. On August 23rd, JAXA announced that it had concluded operations with the SLIM mission. As the mission team reported on the SLIM mission’s Operation Status page after the final communication attempt was made:

“Fifth communication attempt after overnight (Day-6 operation). As with last month, we continued to try to receive a signal from SLIM, but unfortunately we were unable to confirm any radio waves. We considered the possibility that the onboard program had been improperly rewritten due to the effects of a solar flare, and attempted to resume communication by sending a regular program in the direction of SLIM, but we were unable to receive any radio waves from SLIM. Thank you for your support so far.”

A lunar surface scan mosaic image captured by the SLIM-mounted MBC (left) and its enlarged view (right). Credit: JAXA/Ritsumeikan University/The University of Aizu

During its time on the lunar surface, SLIM accomplished many scientific objectives and exceeded expectations in many ways. The soft landing was a high-precision maneuver with a position error of just 10 meters (~33 ft) from the landing site, constituting the world’s first successful pinpoint landing. In addition, the lander’s Multi-Band Camera (MBC) successfully performed spectral observations on ten different lunar rock samples in ten wavelength bands. Last, but not least, the mission remained operational for three lunar nights, which was not part of the original mission parameters.

JAXA also indicated that a detailed summary of SLIM’s achievements will be compiled and released shortly. “We extend our deepest gratitude to all parties involved in the development and operation of SLIM for their cooperation and support, as well as all those who encouraged the mission,” they said.

Further Reading: JAXA

The post JAXA Officially Wraps Up its SLIM Lander Mission appeared first on Universe Today.

Researchers identified two brain networks that help us anticipate and identify transitions in music – and these networks look different in musicians and non-musicians

An AI-powered model found that approaching intersections more slowly could lower yearly US carbon emissions by up to around 123 million tonnes

The first spacecraft to use gravity assist was NASA’s Mariner 10 in 1974. It used a gravity assist from Venus to reach Mercury. Now, the gravity assist maneuver is a crucial part of modern space travel.

The latest spacecraft to use gravity assist is the ESA’s JUICE spacecraft.

The European Space Agency (ESA) launched its JUICE spacecraft on April 14, 2023. Its eventual destination is the Jovian system and its icy moons, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede. But it’s a long journey, and the spacecraft took a shortcut by travelling close to Earth and the Moon and using their gravity to gain momentum and change trajectory.

It’s the first spacecraft ever to use the Earth and the Moon for a gravitational slingshot, and it captured some images to share with us.

JUICE stands for Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, and it’s on a mission to study three moons with suspected oceans buried under layers of ice. It’s got a long way to go, and on long-duration missions, economical use of propellant is critical. This Earth-lunar slingshot maneuver is all about saving propellant.

“The gravity assist flyby was flawless, everything went without a hitch, and we were thrilled to see Juice coming back so close to Earth,” says Ignacio Tanco, Spacecraft Operations Manager for the mission.

At its closest approach to Earth, JUICE passed overhead of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean at only 6840 km (4250 miles) altitude. It was a risky maneuver but one that saved the mission between 100 and 150 kg of propellant.

This lunar-Earth flyby isn’t JUICE’s only gravity-assist maneuver. Next August, it will slingshot past Venus, and on September 26th and January 2029, it will slingshot past Earth. All these gravity-assist maneuvers will give JUICE momentum for its journey to Jupiter. JUICE will reach Jupiter in 2031, and because of all of these maneuvers it will have more propellant left when it gets there.

JUICE has completed its first gravity-assist maneuver and, in one year, will perform another one with Venus. Credit: ESA. Acknowledgements: Work performed by ATG under contract to ESA. Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

“Thanks to very precise navigation by ESA’s Flight Dynamics team, we managed to use only a tiny fraction of the propellant reserved for this flyby. This will add to the margins we keep for a rainy day, or to extend the science mission once we get to Jupiter,” said Ignacio Tanco, Spacecraft Operations Manager for the JUICE mission.

Modern orbiters bristle with science instruments, antennae, and cameras. JUICE is no exception. Among all its instruments and science cameras, it carries two monitoring cameras called JMCs, or JUICE Monitoring Cameras. They’re 1024×1024 pixel cameras with different fields of view. Their job is to monitor the spacecraft’s booms and antennae, and their job was especially critical when they were deployed after launch.

The ESA’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer has two Juice Monitoring Cameras, or JMCs, to provide snapshots with different fields of view. Their main job is to monitor components of the spacecraft, but they captured images of Earth and the Moon during the recent flyby. Image Credit: ESA (acknowledgement: work performed by ATG under contract to ESA) LICENCE: CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

During the flyby, JUICE used its JMCs to capture images of the Earth and the Moon.

JUICE Monitoring Camera 2 captured this image of the Moon as it flew past it on August 10th. “A closer look reveals a casual ‘photobomber’ – Earth shows itself as a dark circle outlined by a light crescent at the top centre of the image, peeking out from behind the spacecraft structure (look just above the fuzzy blue blob, which itself is a ghost image caused by the reflection of sunlight),” the ESA writes. CREDIT
ESA/Juice/JMC. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Simeon Schmauß & Mark McCaughrean. LICENCE: CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

It also used eight of its ten instruments to collect scientific data from Earth and all ten for the Moon.

“The timing and location of this double flyby allows us to thoroughly study the behaviour of Juice’s instruments,” explains Claire Vallat, Juice Operations Scientist.

JMC 1 captured this image of the Moon during the lunar flyby. CREDIT: ESA/Juice/JMC. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Simeon Schmauß & Mark McCaughrean. LICENCE: CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

JUICE’s main science camera is JANUS, a high-resolution optical camera. Its role is to capture detailed images of the surface of Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa. The JUICE team used JANUS to capture more than 400 preliminary views of the Earth and the Moon.

“After more than 12 years of work to propose, build and verify the instrument, this is the first opportunity to see first-hand data similar to those we will acquire in the Jupiter system starting in 2031,” says Pasquale Palumbo, a researcher at INAF in Rome and principal investigator of the team that designed, tested and calibrated the Janus camera.

The Moon’s pockmarked surface as revealed by JANUS. Image Credit:

“Even though the flyby was planned exclusively to facilitate the interplanetary journey to Jupiter, all the instruments on board the probe took advantage of the passage near the Moon and Earth to acquire data, test operations and processing techniques with the advantage of already knowing what we were observing,” said Palumbo.

Earth was imaged at dawn on August 20, 2024, by the JANUS optical camera aboard JUICE. The image shows the island of Hawai’i (the dark spot on the left), the largest island in the Hawaiian archipelago in the central Pacific of the United States. The view is very low, after a short while the Earth left the field of view of JANUS. Credits: JANUS team (INAF, ASI, DLR, CSIC-IAA, OpenUniversity, CISAS-Università di Padova and other international partners)

These early-mission images are whetting our appetite for when the real fun starts in seven years. JUICE will reach the Jovian system in July 2031 and will do 35 flybys of the gas giant’s icy moons. Then, in December 2034, it will enter orbit around Ganymede.

There is growing evidence that Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto have warm, salty oceans buried under thick layers of ice. These are prime targets in our search for life. But, maddeningly, we don’t know for sure if they could support life or even if the oceans are real.

Hopefully, JUICE can tell us. But it can’t do that without these risky, early-mission maneuvers.

The post After a Boost from Earth and the Moon, Juice is On its Way to Venus and Beyond appeared first on Universe Today.

The hunt for particles of dark matter has been stymied once again, with physicists placing constraints on this mysterious substance that are 5 times tighter than the previous best

Surrounding ourselves with greenery can do wonders for our physical and mental wellbeing. Kathy Willis reveals just what kinds of plants are best for our brains and bodies, and why

Researchers have announced a groundbreaking study using the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) in Western Australia. The research is the first to search for signs of alien technology in galaxies beyond our own, focusing on low radio frequencies (100 MHz). This new approach looks at distant galaxies, making it one of the most detailed searches for super civilizations -- those more advanced than ours.

The new estimates of the parameters that form the basis of the standard model of cosmology are far more precise than previous approaches using the same galaxy distribution data.

The new estimates of the parameters that form the basis of the standard model of cosmology are far more precise than previous approaches using the same galaxy distribution data.

According to a new study, some of the earliest galaxies observed with the James Webb Space Telescope are in fact much less massive than they first appeared. Black holes in some of these galaxies make them appear much brighter and bigger than they really are. This helps resolve the debate over whether the size of early galaxies requires a revision of the standard model of cosmology.

Laws that let bicyclists treat stop signs as yield signs lead neither riders nor motorists to act unsafely, according to a groundbreaking study.

New results from the world's most sensitive dark matter detector put the best-ever limits on particles called WIMPs, a leading candidate for what makes up our universe's invisible mass.

New results from the world's most sensitive dark matter detector put the best-ever limits on particles called WIMPs, a leading candidate for what makes up our universe's invisible mass.

Exoplanets are often discovered using the transit method (over three quarters of those discovered have been found this way.) The same transit technique can be used to study them, often revealing detail about their atmosphere. The observations are typically made in visible light or infrared but a new paper suggests X-rays may be useful too. Stellar wind interactions with the planet’s atmosphere for example would lead to X-ray emissions revealing information about the atmosphere. As we further our exploration of exoplanets we develop our understanding of our own Solar System and ultimately, the origins of life in the Universe. 

The first planet around another star was confirmed in 1992. Since then, astronomers around the world have discovered thousands of exoplanets with many differences. Some are gas giants like Jupiter, others small and rocky more like the Earth. Their positions too vary from their host star with some tantalising orbiting within the habitable zone, the region where liquid water is a distinct possibility. Most discoveries are in the visible spectrum but using X-ray telescopes has opened up a new window in our hunt for, and understanding of alien worlds.

“Icy and Rocky Worlds” is a new exoplanet infographic by Slovak artist and space enthusiast Martin Vargic. It’s available as a wall poster at his website. Image Credit and Copyright: Martin Vargic

Most of the exoplanets that have been discovered using visible light tend to be on short period orbits and, as a result of their proximity to their host star, are subject to high levels of radiation. These levels of radiation are often in the X-ray and extreme ultraviolet range and they heat the upper levels of the planet’s atmosphere. The result is that the atmosphere expands beyond the radius where the gravitational pull can keep hold of it and so gasses are lost into space. 

It is interesting that such a phenomenon offers some interesting areas for study such as the lack of planets in the 1.5 – 2 Earth radii range and of Neptune sized planets on orbits of 10 days period or less. It has been suggested that the loss of atmospheric gasses explains the scarcity of Neptune sized planets on close orbits. The so-called sub-Neptunes however which have rocky cores have a higher gravitational force so they are able to hang on to their atmospheres despite their close proximity to the star. Studying exoplanet atmospheres should go some way to understand these processes in greater detail.

X-ray transit events are the perfect way to study X-ray emissions from exoplanet transits. They events are however quite faint making X-ray observations difficult with current technology. A team of astronomers from the University of Michigan led by Raven Cilley have published a paper exploring the capability of future x-ray observatories (such as NewAthena and Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite – AXIS) in detecting more transit events. 

By combining a large X-ray telescope with state-of-the-art scientific instruments, Athena will address key questions in astrophysics. Credit: ESA

Using data from NASA’s Exoplanet Archive, the team first found targets which were missing X-ray observations and estimated X-ray luminosity from age, colour and rotation. The transits were modelled as they would appear in AXIS and NewAthena observations and determined the probability of each transit to be detectable using simulated light curves. The team found that their top 15 transits were likely to be detected but only if multiple light curves were stacked. Those exoplanets were there was an absence of atmospheric escape were less likely to be detected. 

The findings showed that exoplanet transit X-ray detection likelihood increases substantially with new technology like AXIS and NewAthena. The enhanced capability will lead to an improved understanding of exoplanetary atmosphere properties in their current and prior states, also improving our chances in the hunt for habitable worlds.

Source : Detecting exoplanet transits with the next generation of X-ray telescopes

The post X-Ray Telescopes Could Study Exoplanets Too appeared first on Universe Today.

To determine an object’s quantum properties, you may only need to measure how it exchanges heat with its environment, without touching the object itself

Life is rare, and it requires exactly the right environmental mix to establish itself. And there’s one surprising contributor to that perfect mix: gigantic black holes.

Life requires a certain combination of elements to make itself possible: hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Hydrogen has been hanging around the universe since the first few minutes of the big bang, but the other elements only come from fusion processes inside of stars. Galaxies need several generations of stellar lives and deaths before a solar system like our own can be possible.

But left to its own devices, star formation in a galaxy can proceed far too rapidly, burning through material too quickly, the stellar generations coming and going in a blink. One thing that can put the brakes on this kind of out-of-control star formation is the activity tied to supermassive black holes.

Giant black holes sit in the hearts of almost every single galaxy. Their intense gravitational strength can pull material towards it. The swirl and turbulence of gas will send material careening towards the galactic center, where the waiting black hole is more than eager to devour it. As the gas crams itself down the throat of the vent horizon, it will heat up to over a trillion degrees, releasing a flood of high-energy radiation in the process.

That radiation floods the rest of the galaxy, heating up the rest of the gas. To make stars, the gas in a galaxy has to be cool, allowing it to collapse to high densities. But if it’s heated by outbursts from the central black hole, it can’t make new stars. After enough time, however, the gas cools off and resumes star formation, and the entire cycle starts again.

This feedback process from the central black hole keeps star formation in a galaxy regulated. Without the black hole, galaxies would use up their available material much quicker, possibly before the ingredients needed for life can circulate and spread throughout the galaxy.

So the next time you take a deep breath and feel grateful you’re alive, thank a supermassive black hole.

The post Life Needs Black Holes to Survive appeared first on Universe Today.

Superconductivity is an extremely interesting, and potentially extremely useful, physical phenomenon. It refers to a state in which current flows through a material without resistance, and therefore without any loss of energy or waste heat. As our civilization is increasingly run by electronic devices, the potential benefit is huge.

As physicists unravel the quantum physics of superconductivity, this allows them to potentially design new materials that can display superconductivity in useful settings. One recent study presents a small breakthrough in a specific type of superconducting material – Kagome metals. These are a class of ferromagnetic metal metamaterials with an interwoven structure that resembles the Japanese basket by the same name. This creates some specific quantum effects that are currently being researched for their technological uses, one of which is superconductivity.

One of the ways in which superconductivity arises is through what are known as Cooper pairs – two electrons that join together in a quantum state that distributes them like a wave throughout the material. Cooper pairs can therefore “travel” through a material without resistance. A recent study looks at the formation of Cooper pairs within Kagome metals, showing something surprising to physicists. Previously it was believes that Cooper pairs were evenly distributed within Kagome metals. The new study finds that the number of Cooper pairs in the star-point locations with the Kagome pattern can contain a variable number of Cooper pairs.

This was predicted in 2023 by Professor Ronny Thomale. His predictions have now been verified by direct observation, changing how physicists think about the superconducting potential of Kagome metals. You can read the study if you want to delve deeper into the details, but let’s talk a bit about the technological potential.

First, like other superconducting material, Kagome superconductors require extremely low temperature, -272 C. Cooper pair generally are a phenomenon that happens at very low temperatures, and much of the research into superconductivity has been searching for materials in which Cooper pairs form and superconductivity happens at higher temperatures. The current record (for ambient pressure) is a cuprate of mercury, barium, and calcium, at around 133 K (−140 °C). A big breakthrough happened in the 80s when a class of ceramics was discovered with superconducting temperature above that of liquid nitrogen. Liquid nitrogen is relatively cheap, allowing for the practical development of devices operating at this temperature (like the superconducting supercollider, and the magnets used in plasma research for fusion).

Another class of material becomes superconducting at high temperature but at super high pressures, making them completely impractical for actual use. This research is mostly about understanding superconductivity, not necessarily developing usable superconducting material. I of course have to wonder if the research with Kagome metals is similar – improving our understanding of the underlying physics, but not necessarily a pathway to usable materials. That remains to be seen.

Of course, the press release emphasizes the potential applications – because they always (or at least almost always) do that. That’s the formula with any new material science research – what’s the sci fi tech application. Then lead with that. So I take any such discussion with a grain of salt. Still, we can explore what potential applications would look like, and if not with this exact material, then something similar.

For Kagome metals, it seems applications would be limited to things that are physically small. I don’t think this is the material we will be making superconducting cables out of. In fact the current observations are only at the atomic scale, not the macroscopic scale. But they could be useful tiny electronic components, such as diodes. The obvious application would be in computers, including quantum computers.

The potential benefit of superconducting components in computers should not be underestimated. Increasingly we are building huge data centers for multiple applications, with artificial intelligence apps likely to significantly increase the need for hardware. These data centers use massive amounts of energy, measure on the scale of major industrialized nations, and increasing. They also generate a great deal of heat, and therefore have to spend more energy for cooling.

Now imagine a data center with computers that have mostly superconducting components, using a fraction of the energy and producing little waste heat. Even if you had to supercool the entire thing with liquid nitrogen temperatures, it would likely be worth it.

But of course, the higher temperature the superconductors, the more cost-effective and practical they are. If such a data center needed to be merely refrigerated, to -40 C for example, that would be relatively easy and cost effective. The ultimate goal of superconducting research, of course, is the “room temperature” (ambient pressure) superconductor. It’s not clear if this is even physically possible – right now we have no theory of how a room temperature superconductor would work, but no one has proven that they are impossible either. They remain theoretical. This is the real promise of superconducting research, even if the approach does not lead directly to a specific application. The more we understand about the quantum physics of superconducting, the better we will be able to design and research new materials at higher temperatures.

I don’t know if we will see superconducting Kagome metal-based technologies in the future. We may or may not. But at least we have added on more piece of the puzzle to our understanding of superconductivity.

The post Superconducting Kagome Metals first appeared on NeuroLogica Blog.

This week, Stanford University announced a conference on pandemic policy that features several of the usual suspects who spread misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Truly, Stanford has become the "respectable" academic face of efforts to undermine public health.

The post Stanford University will host a conference on pandemic planning featuring the usual (COVID-19) suspects first appeared on Science-Based Medicine.

Meanwhile, in Dobrzyn, Hili is getting spiritual:

A: What are you doing?
Hili: I’m thinking about evanescence.

Ja: Co robisz?
Hili: Myślę o przemijaniu.

Can a kilometer-scale telescope help conduct more efficient science, and specifically for the field of optical interferometry? This is what a recently submitted study hopes to address as a pair of researchers propose the Big Fringe Telescope (BFT), which is slated to comprise 16 telescopes 0.5-meter in diameter and will be equivalent to a telescope at 2.2 kilometers in diameter. What makes BFT unique is its potential to create real-time exoplanet “movies” like the movies featuring Venus transiting our Sun, along with significantly reduced construction costs compared to current ground-based optical interferometers.

This proposal builds upon past optical interferometers, including Georgia State University’s Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) array comprised of six telescopes 1-meter in diameter equivalent to a telescope 330 meters in diameter, and the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VTLI) comprised of four 8.2-meter telescopes and four movable 1.8-meter telescopes equivalent to a telescope 130 meters in diameter. Additionally, this proposal comes as the ESO is currently building its Extremely Large Telescope with a 39.3-meter-diameter (130-foot) reflecting telescope in the Atacama Desert in Chile.

Here, Universe Today discusses this incredible proposal with Dr. Gerard van Belle, who is an astronomer at the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, regarding the motivation behind proposing BFT, the science cases that BFT hopes to accomplish, new methods regarding how BFT will study exoplanets (i.e., real-time movies), how BFT can potentially contribute to finding life beyond Earth, the next steps for making BFT a reality, and the implications for each telescope being 0.5 meters in diameter for both the science and cost. Therefore, what was the motivation behind proposing BFT?

“The motivation is that somewhere along the line, the community ended up ‘leaving money on the table’,” Dr. van Belle tells Universe Today. “There’s a really exciting science case here – imaging of bright stars – and it’s been overlooked. This is in part because the collective imagination of the people (like me) who build these very high angular resolution imaging arrays has been collectively distracted by pushing on going ‘fainter, fainter, fainter’, rather than ‘finer, finer, finer’. And the nice surprise is that, since we’re not going super faint, the telescopes that make up the BFT array are small, and therefore the BFT is surprisingly affordable. The additional third axis here is much of the parts are only recently commercial-off-the-shelf, so that also helps the affordability. So, it’s great science that hasn’t been done, it’s cheap, and it’s timely.”

The study notes that the “routine imaging of bright main sequence stars remains a surprisingly unexplored scientific realm.” For context, while the CHARA array obtained the first image of a single, main-sequence star in 2007, some of the science conducted by CHARA has focused on binary stars, supernova explosions, and dust orbiting stars. Additionally, while the VLTI obtained the best image of the surface and atmosphere of a red supergiant star, some of the science conducted included direct observations of exoplanets, observing Sagittarius A*, which is the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, and detection of exozodiacal light. Like CHARA and VLTI, the BFT will also conduct a wide range of science along with its goal of imaging bright, main-sequence stars. These include studying exoplanet host stars, solar analogs, resolved binaries, and resolved exoplanet transits.

Dr. van Belle tells Universe Today, “The exoplanet hosts are the real meat-and-potatoes case here: the explosion of discoveries over the past three decades on exoplanets has really transformed astronomy. Solar analogs are super important to study. Up until now, we have a single solar-like star we can resolve into more than a disk and see how it behaves over time – namely, our own sun. But that’s a little like trying to learn anatomy and physiology if you were a doctor to a single patient, ever. So, being able to make resolved images of sun-like stars is really vital to better understanding our own sun – and especially its effect on our home planet.”

Dr. van Belle continues, “Observations of binary star systems let us determine the masses because of their orbital motion around each other, and BFT adds extra value by then directly measuring the radii of those stars. Resolved exoplanet transits is going to be the wicked cool one. We will be able to see the *resolved* disk of *another world* as it passes in front of its host star. This sort of thing will be good for further characterization of exoplanets, as well as searches for exomoons. There’s a bunch of other BFT science that isn’t part of the core ‘marquee’ cases – many hundreds of different types of stars that we’ll be able to make pictures of and see how those pictures change over time.”

Currently, directly viewing exoplanets is obtained through the direct imaging method where astronomers use a coronagraph to blot out the glare of a host star, revealing the hidden exoplanets underneath, although their full shapes aren’t observable. Additionally, the transit method is conducted by measuring the dip in starlight caused by the exoplanet traveling in front of it but is not observable due to their small size and the intense glare of the host star.

The resolved exoplanet transits that BFT hopes to achieve means astronomers will be able to observe the full outline of an exoplanet as it passes in front of its host star, thus combining the direct imaging method with the transit method. An example of this is when Venus passes in front of our Sun, enabling astronomers to observe the entire outline of both the planet and our Sun, resulting in real-time movies of this incredible astronomical event. With BFT, these real-time movies are anticipated to be made for exoplanets, as well. Therefore, what science can be achieved from these real-time movies?

“As noted above, we’ll be able to see these worlds as resolvable disks,” Dr. van Belle tells Universe Today. “That’ll let us better pin down the linear size, as well as measure the density of these worlds – eg. rocky or watery, solid or gaseous? Doing such resolving in a wavelength-dependent sense may tell us about the composition of the atmospheres, too – though that’s a pretty challenging observation. Maybe the more straightforward thing will be attempting to measure the oblateness of the gaseous worlds – eg. Jupiter is a bit wider than it is tall, because of it being a rapidly spinning clot of gas. Such observations will allow us to measure the rotation rate of those planets.”

As of this writing, NASA has confirmed the existence of 5,743 exoplanets consisting of a wide range of sizes, compositions, and have been found in solar systems containing single planets or up to seven planets. The methods used to detect exoplanets also demonstrate diversity, including the transit method, radial velocity method, microlensing method, and the direct imaging method. Each with their own unique ways of not only identifying exoplanets, but also gathering data about their surface compositions, atmospheric compositions, and potential for life. Therefore, how can the BFT contribute to finding life beyond Earth?

Dr. van Belle tells Universe Today, “BFT will primarily be doing follow-up of exoplanets, rather than finding them, but in doing so will contribute to much better characterization of the exoplanets and their hosts. A lot of ‘is there life out there’ is riding on not just the exoplanet but the conditions handed to that exoplanet by its host. Knowing the ‘space weather’ environment will get much better information from BFT observations.”

Along with the potential exoplanet movies and improved science of bright stars, one of the primary driving forces behind BFT is its cost, as the researchers estimate the total cost of the entire project is $28,496,000 for all 16 telescopes at 0.5 meters each. In contrast, the GSU CHARA array cost more than $14.5 million for just six telescopes at 1-meter each, and the construction costs for the VLT/VLTI is estimated in the hundreds of millions of dollars for four 8.2-meter telescopes and four movable 1.8-meter telescopes.

Credit: van Belle & Jorgensen (2024)

This recent study provides an in-depth cost breakdown for each aspect of the BFT, including beam collection ($4,720,000), beam transport ($2,744,000), beam combination ($4,140,000), beam delay ($4,000,000), infrastructure ($1,943,000), and labor ($5,250,000). But, given each BFT telescope is each smaller than those used on the GSY CHARA and VLTI, thus meaning their collecting aperture size is smaller, what is the significance of using 0.5-meter collecting aperture size and what is the reason for BFT targeting bright stars?

“The 0.5-m telescopes have a big impact on the affordability of the project,” Dr. van Belle tells Universe Today. “The smaller telescopes are less expensive, both for the telescope tube & the mount. This in turn means the enclosure is smaller & cheaper, too. With half-meter telescopes, simple tip-tilt atmospheric correction is sufficient, rather than more expensive multi-element adaptive optics. And since there’s 16 apertures, every reduction in cost per station has a big domino effect. And yes, the major trade happening here is that the facility can only observe brighter objects – eg. primarily bright stars.”

Just like space telescopes, building ground-based takes years of funding, tests, planning, and construction. This involves getting the necessary funding from multiple parties and organizations and finding an appropriate construction site for the location. Additionally, testing the telescopes prior to installation is essential for them to conduct successful science, in both the short- and long-term.

For example, the GSU CHARA array was founded in 1984, which was followed by years of funding efforts that finally completed in 1998, and the construction of the array was not completed until 2003. For the VLT/VLTI, funding began in 1987, construction began in 1991, and was completed in 1998. Therefore, what are the next steps to make BFT a reality?

“So, the BFT is interesting in how it scales,” Dr. van Belle tells Universe Today. “Right now, we’re doing lab work to verify some of the underlying technology; quite a bit of that tech has already been maturely deployed at places like the Georgia State University CHARA Array, or the European Southern Observatory VLTI facility. Following on that, our next steps will be to test, on sky, a single pair of telescopes. The BFT is daisy-chained from 16 such telescopes, but we can already test its performance with just two. This scalability makes the BFT a much lower-risk telescope than conventional large facilities, where you have to more or less build the whole dang thing before you can test it on sky.”

How will the BFT contribute to optical interferometry in the coming years and decades? Only time will tell, and this is why we science!

As always, keep doing science & keep looking up!

The post The Big Fringe Telescope. A 2.2 KILOMETER Telescope on the Cheap. And it Can Make Exoplanet “Movies”. appeared first on Universe Today.