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A new theory 'demystifies' the crystallization process and shows that the material that crystallizes is the dominant component within a solution -- which is the solvent, not the solute. The theory could have implications for everything from drug development to understanding climate change.

deepSPACE isn't a futuristic film, a new videogame or the next season of a classic TV series. In fact, the new design software developed by an aerospace engineer isn't about outer space at all. This new tool takes your concept and requirements and rapidly generates design configurations from conventional to out-of-this-world, including a 3D CAD model and performance evaluations.

deepSPACE isn't a futuristic film, a new videogame or the next season of a classic TV series. In fact, the new design software developed by an aerospace engineer isn't about outer space at all. This new tool takes your concept and requirements and rapidly generates design configurations from conventional to out-of-this-world, including a 3D CAD model and performance evaluations.

The two Voyager spacecraft have been speeding through space since 1977, powered by decaying chunks of plutonium that produce less and less energy every year. With less electricity available, NASA has decided to shut down one experiment on Voyager 2, the plasma science instrument. This device measures the quantity and direction of ionized particles passing the spacecraft. While Voyager 2 still has enough electricity to support its four other operational instruments, it will likely be down to just one by the 2030s.

NASA said that over the past several years, engineers for the mission have taken steps to avoid turning off any science instruments for as long as possible since the science data collected by the two Voyager probes is unique. As the first spacecraft to reach interstellar space — the region outside the heliosphere – this is currently our only chance to study this region. However, this particular instrument has been collecting limited data in recent years due to its orientation relative to the direction that plasma is flowing in interstellar space.

The 47-year old Voyager 2 is traveling at about 15 km/second (35,000 miles per hour) and is currently more than 20.5 billion km (12.8 billion miles) from Earth. The four remaining science instruments are studying the region outside our heliosphere and include a magnetometer to study the interplanetary magnetic field, a charged particle instrument that measures the distributions of ions and electrons, a cosmic ray system that determines the origin of interstellar cosmic rays, and a plasma wave detector.

The Grand Tour The Grand Tour ‘poster.’ Image: NASA/JPL

The two Voyagers both launched in 1977 (August and September), and their different trajectories were designed to take advantage of a rare geometric arrangement of the outer planets in the late 1970s and the 1980s which allowed for a four-planet tour for a minimum of propellant and trip time. The positions of those planets — which only occurs about every 175 years — took Voyager 2 (which launched first) past the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn, and then its flight path allowed for encounters with the ice giants Uranus and Neptune. It remains the only spacecraft to have visited either of the ice giant planets.

Voyager 1 made flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn’s largest moon, Titan. Both spacecraft made incredible discoveries at the distant planets, and the astounding imagery sent back to Earth opened a whole new way of looking at the outer Solar System.

Europa seen during Voyager 2 Closest Approach. Credit: NASA/JPL

Now, they’re in the Voyager Interstellar Mission phase, where their data helped characterize and study the regions and boundaries of the outer heliosphere, and now explores the interstellar medium. Voyager 1 crossed the heliopause and entered interstellar space on August 25, 2012. Voyager 2 entered interstellar space on November 5, 2018, at a distance of 119.7 AU. Both communicate with Earth via the Deep Space Network. It takes nearly a day for one-way communications to reach each spacecraft and another day for data to be sent back to Earth.

Dwindling Power Pellet of Pu-238. RTGs are constructed using marshmallow-sized pellets of Pu-238. As it decays, interactions between the alpha particles and the shielding material produce heat that can be converted into electricity.

Each Voyager 2 is powered by three multihundred-watt radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG). At launch, each RTG provided enough heat to generate approximately 157 watts of electrical power, and so collectively, the RTGs supplied the spacecraft with 470 watts at launch, and their power halves every 87.7 years. They were predicted to allow operations to continue until at least 2020, but are still providing enough energy for some data collection and communications. NASA estimates they lose about 4 watts of power each year.

After the twin Voyagers completed their exploration of the giant planets in the 1980s, the mission team turned off several science instruments that would not be used to study of interstellar space. That gave the spacecraft plenty of extra power until a few years ago. Since then, the team has turned off all onboard systems not essential for keeping the probes working, including some heaters. In order to postpone having to shut off another science instrument, they also adjusted how Voyager 2’s voltage is monitored.

The device that was recently turned off, the plasma science instrument, measured the amount of plasma (electrically charged atoms) and the direction it is flowing. In 2018, the plasma science instrument helped determine that Voyager 2 left the heliosphere. Inside the heliosphere, particles from the Sun flow outward, away from our parent star. Since the heliosphere is moving through interstellar space, the plasma flows in almost the opposite direction of the solar particles.

NASA’s Voyager 2 Probe Enters Interstellar Space This illustration shows the position of NASA’s Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes, outside of the heliosphere, a protective bubble created by the Sun that extends well past the orbit of Pluto. Voyager 1 exited the heliosphere in August 2012. Voyager 2 exited at a different location in November 2018. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

When Voyager 2 exited the heliosphere, the flow of plasma into the instrument dropped off dramatically. Most recently, the instrument has been used only once every three months, when the spacecraft does a 360-degree turn on the axis pointed toward the Sun. This limited usage factored into the mission’s decision to turn this instrument off before others.

NASA said the same plasma science instrument on Voyager 1 stopped working in 1980 and was turned off in 2007 to save power.

The post NASA Turns Off One of Voyager 2's Science Instruments appeared first on Universe Today.

Spider silk, long prized for its strength and elasticity, has created something of a furor in the biomanufacturing world as businesses look for ways to cheaply scale up production for silks, which can be used in everything from tactical gear to sutures and textiles. However, a comprehensive study shows that there are many challenges facing the spider silk industry.

Scientists report on how higher-order interactions can reshape a system at large -- even global -- scales.

A young boy who lived towards the end of the last glacial period had dark skin, blue eyes and a congenital heart condition, a study of his genome reveals

Apathy can overcome many of us – even our advice columnist, David Robson. Here are some tips on getting back your lust for life

In What's Next? Bill Gates digs into AI, climate, inequality, malaria and more. But the man looms too large for alternative solutions to emerge, says Bethan Ackerley

Andrew McConnell's otherworldly photograph captures a Russian cosmonaut in front of the just-landed Soyuz MS spacecraft in Kazakhstan's remote grasslands

Techno-Orientalism is a strand of futurism that condemns and erases Asian cultural power. We need to eradicate it, says Annalee Newitz

Feedback is pleased to find that researchers are finally exploring if skin redness is a good indication of "the affective state of hens"

Smartphones have indeed created an "anxious generation", but it isn't young people, it is their parents, argues neuroscientist Dean Burnett

Musing on John Lewis-Stempel's latest book, England: A natural history, James McConnachie marks the flowering of other, more diverse voices in nature writing

With just one week to go until the world's greatest festival of ideas and discoveries, New Scientist editor Catherine de Lange reveals what you can expect from the show this year

Engineers found a novel path around tedious process of tunneling individual sub-nanometer pores for nanoporous membranes one by one. The team created a new method of pore generation that builds materials with intentional weak spots, then applies a remote electric field to generate multiple nano-scale pores all at once.

Amethyst is a violet variety of quartz which has been used as a gemstone for many centuries and is a key economic resource in northern Uruguay. Geodes are hollow rock formations often with quartz crystals, such as amethyst, inside. Amethyst geodes in Uruguay have been found in cooled lava flows, which date from the original breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana around 134 million years ago. However, their formation has remained a mystery.

A team that has developed patent-pending one-dimensional boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) containing spin qubits, or spin defects. The BNNTs are more sensitive in detecting off-axis magnetic fields at high resolution than traditional diamond tips used in scanning probe magnetic-field microscopes.

If artificial intelligence chatbots are fine-tuned to improve their responses using human feedback, they can become more likely to give deceptive answers that seem right but aren’t