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The true nature of time has eluded physicists for centuries, but a new theoretical model suggests it may only exist due to entanglement between quantum objects

For centuries, civilizations have used naturally occurring, inorganic materials for their perceived healing properties. Egyptians thought green copper ore helped eye inflammation, the Chinese used cinnabar for heartburn, and Native Americans used clay to reduce soreness and inflammation. Flash forward to today, and researchers are still discovering ways that inorganic materials can be used for healing. A new article explains that cellular pathways for bone and cartilage formation can be activated in stem cells using inorganic ions. Another recent article explores the usage of mineral-based nanomaterials, specifically 2D nanosilicates, to aid musculoskeletal regeneration.

To overcome issues associated with real-life testing, researchers successfully demonstrated the use of digital twin technology within robot simulation software in assessing a robot's suitability for deployment in simulated built environments.

As more and more people drive electric cars, congestion and queues can occur when many people need to charge at the same time. A new study shows how AI-controlled charging stations, through smart algorithms, can offer electric vehicle users personalized prices, and thus minimize both price and waiting time for customers. But the researchers point to the importance of taking the ethical issues seriously, as there is a risk that the artificial intelligence exploits information from motorists.

As more and more people drive electric cars, congestion and queues can occur when many people need to charge at the same time. A new study shows how AI-controlled charging stations, through smart algorithms, can offer electric vehicle users personalized prices, and thus minimize both price and waiting time for customers. But the researchers point to the importance of taking the ethical issues seriously, as there is a risk that the artificial intelligence exploits information from motorists.

A simulation-generated image reveals how charge distributions and gas densities vary in the plasma that floats across our universe

Here’s another good talk, though not as good as the preceding one.  But it does get better in the last third.

‘Yes, Douglas Murray is a conservative, and yes, the Manhattan Institute is a generally conservative think tank, but Murray is eloquent also sensible on many issues, including the war and (in this case), the courage of Israelis, and it’s worth listening to his 24-minute acceptance speech from May 6, when he was given the Alexander Hamilton Award from the Manhattan Institute for his “unwavering defense of Western values.”  I hate to have to qualify things this way, but yes, I disagree with Murray on several issues, the main one being his consistent opposition to widespread immigration into Britain. (I’m sure many of you will agree with him, though.)

In some ways, including his memory and his eloquence, Murray resembles Hitchens. (When he makes a crack about “Queers for Palestine,” remember that Murray is gay.)

The transcript of this speech is at The Free Press.

A small fern found only on a few Pacific islands has more than 100 metres of DNA in every single cell, more than any other organism that we know of

I’m tired today, and also have work to do, so it may turn out that all of my posts have videos in them. Graduation is tomorrow, and I plan to be around to see if it goes smoothly (disruption is threatened).

Bari Weiss is often demonized, but I think her critics are largely mistaken.  She’s a centrist, but leans Left; and those who criticize her for being a member of the “Intellectual Dark Web” (which seems to me to consist largely of people who think for themselves) or for being some kind of right-winger, is simply misguided. In the 16-minute TED talk below, followed by 5 minutes of Q&A moderated by Chris Anderson (the head of TED) Weiss extols what she sees as the highest of virtues: courage.

She begins by laying out a litany of her beliefs, which are quite good (save for one note that we’re all “created in the image of god”), comporting with good liberalism, though some of them might be controversial (she thinks Covid came from a lab, that hiring should be based on merit rather than on “immutable characteristics”, promotes standardized testing, etc.) As she says (the transcript is here):

The point in all of this is that I am really boring, or at least I thought I was.  I am, or at least until a few seconds ago in historical time,  I used to be considered a standard-issue liberal.  And yet somehow, in our most intellectual and prestigious spaces,  many of the ideas I just outlined and others like them,  have become provocative or controversial,  which is really a polite way of saying unwelcome, beyond the pale. Even bigoted or racist How? How did these relatively boring views come to be seen as off-limits?  And how did that happen,  at least it seems to me,  in the span of under a few years? She then takes on the “progressives,” and finally gives what she sees as the reason for our “culture in crisis”: My theory is that the reason we have a culture in crisis is because of the cowardice of people that know better. It is because the weakness of the silent, or rather the self-silencing majority.  So why have we been silent?  Simple. Because it’s easier.  Because speaking up is hard, it is embarrassing, it makes you vulnerable. It exposes you as someone who is not chill, as someone who cares a lot, as someone who makes judgments, as someone who discerns between right and wrong, between better and worse. Among the courageous people she mentions are Natan Sharansky, Masih Alinejad, John Fetterman, Salman Rushdie, Roland Fryer, Alexei Navalny, Coleman Hughes, Jimmy Lai, and others.  You will have your own list of Courageous People. Mine also includes J. K. Rowling, Ayaan Hirsi Ali, and, among those no longer living but who inhabited the 20th century, Mohandas Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King, James Meredith, Ruby Bridges, and many figures of the American Civil Rights movement who gave their lives pursuing the cause (Medgar Evers, Goodman, Schwerner, and Chaney). These people made considerable sacrifice to promote positive change; their activism was not performative. (Yes, Rowling remains wealthy, but she didn’t have to stand up for women in the way she did, and that led to considerable erosion of her reputation.)

Weiss’s ending is lovely, and is followed by a standing ovation.

The freest people in the history of the world seem to have lost the hunger for liberty.  Or maybe it’s really the will to defend it.
And when they tell me this, it puts me in mind of my hero, Natan Sharansky,  who spent a decade in the Soviet gulag before getting his freedom.
He is the single bravest person that I have ever met in my life.  And a few years ago, one afternoon in Jerusalem, I asked him a simple question.
“Nathan,” I asked him, “is it possible to teach courage?”
And he smiled in his impish way and said, “No.
All you can do is show people how good it feels to be free.” My comment on that ending: does seeing the benefits of freedom really make people more courageous? Or was Sharansky merely extolling the benefits of what you can get from courage?

The talk:

 

Reader Robert Lang, physicist and origami master, has contributed two batches of photos, and I’ll show one today. (I just missed being able to get on a cruise to the Arctic, featuring Richard Dawkins and with several of my friends like Robert, so I’m bummed.) At any rate, Robert’s words are indented and you can enlarge his photos by clicking on them,

Wildflowers 1/2

Springtime in Southern California is when the hills come alive with life. We have had two good years of winter rains but the first few months of 2024 were coolish. In April, we began to see warm afternoons, and this brought out a burst of wildflower blooms from many species.

It didn’t get a lot of press, but on May 2, Joe Biden announced the expansion of the San Gabriel Mountains National Monument—it now begins about 20 feet from my studio window and I can walk out my back door to get onto a network of trails. The trails range from deep, forested canyons to thickets of mountainside chapparal and rocky exposed ridges; one of my favorite afternoon routes goes through all three terrains, which offers a wide variety of wildflowers at peak season. Most of the pictures in this collection and the next were taken (with an iPhone, so the quality varies) during a single 3-hour ramble.

A note on IDs: I am even less expert in wildflowers than I am in animal life, so I am relying on iNaturalist for most of these IDs. Corrections and clarifications welcome!

Baby blue eyes (Nemophila menziesii) has tiny flowers and because of its low growth is easily overlooked, but I find them lovely:

Blue blossom ceanothus (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus) is a common shrub of the chapparal. On the day I hiked, the northwest side of Millard Canyon was covered in its lavender blooms:

Chaparral whitethorn (Ceanothus leucodermis) is another species of Ceanothus with similar flowers as blueblossom but is easily distinguishable by its pale branches and vicious long thorns; at higher elevations, it’s one of the dominant shrubs of the chaparral and its thickets are impenetrable (unless you’re willing to spill some blood):

Canterbury bells (Phacelia minor) is often findable along the edges of trails; its deep purple blooms, about 2–3 cm long and similar length, are distinctive with their bell-shaped base:

Clearwater cryptantha (Cryptantha intermedia) is another easily overlooked flower with tiny (~1 cm) blooms and low growth form:

Crofton weed (Ageratina adenophora) is well named as a “weed;” it is an invasive plant that chokes many small streams in canyon bottoms. Every few years a flash flood will clear out the lot, making the stream hikeable for several months, but then the invaders come crowding in again:

This plant had the tiniest flowers, only about 0.5 cm across. iNaturalist only narrows it down to tribe Cynoglosseae, in family Boraginaceae (which makes it a relative of Clearwater cryptantha); any further ID would be most welcome:

iNat identifies this as a Delphinium, but doesn’t narrow down the species:

Gum rock-rose (Cistus ladanifer) is an import from the Mediterranean region, which can be found in areas that were once developed (e.g., the Echo Peak ruins and along the Mount Lowe Roadway above Altadena). The big, showy flowers come in two forms: plain white, which somewhat resemble those of the native Matillija poppy (Romneya coulteri), but they can be distinguished by checking the petals: four petals for poppies, fivefold symmetry for the rock-rose:

More commonly, though, the Gum rock-rose flowers are decorated with maroon dots, which makes the ID unmistakable:

Next: more wildflowers.

"May he be forever riddled with guilt. May he suffer the loss of a loved one in the same manner. May he die alone."

The post What’s So “Wonderful!” About an Article That Provoked Hateful Revenge Fantasies Against Frontline Doctors and Public Health Officials? first appeared on Science-Based Medicine.

How can machine learning help astronomers find Earth-like exoplanets? This is what a recently accepted study to Astronomy & Astrophysics hopes to address as a team of international researchers investigated how a novel neural network-based algorithm could be used to detect Earth-like exoplanets using data from the radial velocity (RV) detection method. This study holds the potential to help astronomers develop more efficient methods in detecting Earth-like exoplanets, which are traditionally difficult to identify within RV data due to intense stellar activity from the host star.

The study notes, “Machine learning is one of the most efficient and successful tools to handle large amounts of data in the scientific field. Many algorithms based on machine learning have been proposed to mitigate stellar activity to better detect low-mass and/or long period planets. These algorithms can be classified into two categories: supervised learning and unsupervised learning. The advantage of supervised learning is that the proposed model contains a large set of variables and has the ability to produce relatively accurate predictions based on the training data.”

For the study, the researchers applied their algorithm to three stars to ascertain its ability to identify exoplanets within the stellar activity data: our Sun, Alpha Centauri B (HD 128621), and Tau ceti (HD 10700), with Alpha Centauri B being located approximately 4.3 light-years from Earth and Tau ceti being located approximately 12 light-years from Earth. After inserting simulated planetary signals within the algorithm, the researchers found their algorithm successfully identified simulated exoplanets with potential orbital periods ranging between 10 to 550 days for our Sun, 10 to 300 days for Alpha Centauri B, and 10 to 350 days for Tau ceti. It’s important to note that Alpha Centauri B currently has had several potential exoplanet detections but non confirmed while Tau ceti currently has eight exoplanets listed as “unconfirmed” within its system.

Additionally, the algorithm identified these results correspond to Alpha Centauri B and Tau ceti potentially having exoplanets approximately 4 times the size of Earth and within the habitable zones of those stars, as well. After inserting more stellar activity data into the algorithm, the researchers discovered the algorithm successfully identified a simulated exoplanet approximately 2.2 times the size of the Earth while orbiting the same distance as the Earth from our Sun.

The study noted in its conclusions, “In this paper, we developed a neural network framework to efficiently mitigate stellar activity at the spectral level, to enhance the detection of low-mass planets on periods from a few days up to a few hundred days, corresponding to the habitable zone of solar-type stars.”

While the study focused on finding Earth-like exoplanets within RV data, the researchers note that additional data, including transit time, phase, and space-based photometry, could be used to identify Earth-like exoplanets. They emphasize the European Space Agency’s PLATO space telescope mission could accomplish this, which is currently being developed and slated for launch sometime in 2026. Upon launch, it will be stationed at the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point located on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun where it scan up to one million stars searching for exoplanets using the transit method with an emphasis on terrestrial (rocky) exoplanets.

PLATO mission discussed around the 9:00 mark

This study comes as the number of confirmed exoplanets by NASA has reached 5,632 as of this writing, which is comprised of 201 terrestrial exoplanets, and also provides the upcoming PLATO mission ample opportunity to discover many more terrestrial exoplanets within our Milky Way Galaxy.

How will machine learning help astronomers detect Earth-like exoplanets in the coming years and decades? Only time will tell, and this is why we science!

As always, keep doing science & keep looking up!

The post A New Deep Learning Algorithm Can Find Earth 2.0 appeared first on Universe Today.

Universe Today has had the privilege of spending the last several months venturing into a multitude of scientific disciplines, including impact craters, planetary surfaces, exoplanets, astrobiology, solar physics, comets, planetary atmospheres, planetary geophysics, cosmochemistry, meteorites, radio astronomy, extremophiles, organic chemistry, and black holes, and their importance in helping teach scientists and the public about our place in the cosmos.

Here, we discuss the intriguing field of cryovolcanism with Dr. Rosaly Lopes, who is the Directorate Scientist for the Planetary Science Directorate and a Senior Research Scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, regarding the importance of studying cryovolcanism, examples throughout the solar system, what cryovolcanism can teach us about finding life beyond Earth, exciting aspects of studying cryovolcanism, and advice for upcoming students who wish to study cryovolcanism. So, what is the importance of studying cryovolcanism?

Dr. Lopes references Geissler (2015) and tells Universe Today, “My colleague Paul Geissler defined it well: ‘The eruption of liquid or vapor phases (with or without entrained solids) of water or other volatiles that would be frozen solid at the normal temperature of the icy satellite’s surface’.

While we associate volcanism on Earth as being when hot magma erupts from the Earth’s interior into a fiery blaze and melting everything in its path, cryovolcanism is the study of ice volcanism, as “cryo” is defined as “ice cold” or “frost”. The term was first used in an abstract at the 1987 Geological Society of America (GSA) Abstract with Programs by Steven K. Croft and has since been used to describe ice volcanoes throughout the solar system. Additional terms used in the context of cryovolcanism include cryomagma and cryolava—comparable to magma and lava from traditional volcanoes—and cryovolcanic edifice—comparable to traditional shield volcanoes seen both on Earth and other planetary bodies (i.e., Mars and Venus). Therefore, what are some examples of cryovolcanism in our solar system?

Dr. Lopes tells Universe Today, “We see active cryovolcanism on Enceladus, and signs of past cryovolcanism on Titan, Europa, Ganymede, and even Io (SO2 rather than water).” Dr. Lopes elaborates more on active and past volcanism in a 2010 book chapter, as well.

The reason we see active cryovolcanism on Saturn’s moon, Enceladus, is due to the large liquid water ocean it possesses beneath its icy crust, with NASA’s Cassini spacecraft having not only imaged active plumes erupting from Enceladus’ south pole “Tiger Stripes”, but Cassini also flew through the plumes in March 2008, using its Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) to identify water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and organic materials, whose levels were higher than the Cassini team had hypothesized prior to the flyby.

Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, is home to bodies of liquid methane and ethane across its surface due to the frigid surface temperatures of -182.55 degrees Celsius (-296.59 degrees Fahrenheit), whereas methane and ethane exist strictly as gases on Earth. Regarding evidence for past cryovolcanism on Titan, the Cassini spacecraft discovered Doom Mons in 2005 and Erebor Mons in 2007, with both currently being generally accepted as cryovolcanoes. Additionally, Cassini used its radar instruments in 2018 to identify topography on Titan that was identified as the “very best evidence” for a cryovolcano on Titan.

Like Enceladus, Jupiter’s two Galilean Moons, Europa and Ganymede, have exhibited significant evidence that they both contain interior liquid oceans beneath their icy crusts, and NASA’s Europa Clipper mission is slated to launch this October to explore this icy world in detail once it arrives sometime in 2030. Additionally, the European Space Agency’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) mission launched in April 2023 with the goal of studying Ganymede in detail and is currently scheduled to enter Ganymede’s orbit sometime in late 2034.

Regarding evidence of past cryovolcanism on Europa, scientists postulated in 2020 that plumes observed to emanate from Europa could originate from directly within the icy crust. For Ganymede, specific surface features known as paterae have indicated “potential cryovolcanic regions”, but scientists remain skeptical and have listed these features as something the JUICE mission should investigate further.

Additional worlds in our solar system that also exhibit past or current evidence of cryovolcanism include the dwarf planet, Ceres; Neptune’s moon, Triton; the dwarf planet, Pluto and its moon, Charon; and other dwarf planets, as well. Therefore, with this plethora of worlds that exhibit current or past evidence of cryovolcanism within our solar system, what can cryovolcanism teach us about finding life beyond Earth?

Dr. Lopes tells Universe Today, “For life as we know it to exist, we need water and energy – cryovolcanism provides the heat (energy) and it is a way to bring material that may have biosignatures to the surface of bodies. If the material just stays in the ocean under an ice crust, it could be many decades before we are able to sample it.”

Regarding the most exciting aspects about cryovolcanism that she has studied during her career, Dr. Lopes tells Universe Today, “Finding Doom Mons and Erebor Mons on Titan was very exciting, as they are the most convincing evidence we have that cryovolcanism happened on Titan.”

Like the other scientific disciplines that Universe Today has explored, the field of cryovolcanism involves the collaboration of scientists from a multitude of backgrounds, including volcanology, planetary geology, physics, and computer science. Through this, scientists can create computer models of cryovolcanism based on existing data, along with using imagery from orbiters to confirm or update their models to ascertain the processes behind the cryovolcanism they have observed. Therefore, what advice can Dr. Lopes offer upcoming students who wish to study cryovolcanism?

Dr. Lopes tells Universe Today, “The physics of the process is still not well understood. Lab experiments are valuable. They should read the literature and figure out how to advance their understanding.”

How will cryovolcanism teach us about our place in the universe in the coming years and decades? Only time will tell, and this is why we science!

As always, keep doing science & keep looking up!

The post Cryovolcanism: Why study it? What can it teach us about finding life beyond Earth? appeared first on Universe Today.

Jupiter’s moon Io is a volcanic powerhouse. It’s the most geologically active world in the Solar System, sporting more than 400 spouting volcanoes and vents on its surface. Has it always been this way? A team of planetary scientists says yes, and they have the chemical receipts to prove it.

In a recent paper, the team headed by CalTech scientist Katherine de Kleer cites data from millimeter observations of elemental isotopes found in Io’s eruptions. They found that chemicals like chlorine and sulfur exist in higher quantities at Io than in comparable places in the Solar System. Analysis shows that Io hasn’t just started erupting lately—it’s been going on for most of its history. And, it’s so volcanic that it practically resurfaces itself every million years or so.

The discovery of volcanism on Io was one of the major results of the Voyager mission. As the two spacecraft swept past Jupiter in 1979, their images revealed Io’s volcanic features and plumes. Since that time, the Galileo, Cassini-Huygens, New Horizons, and Juno missions also sent images. The Jovian system and its moons are also frequent targets for ground- and space-based observatories, including Hubble Space Telescope and JWST.

Facts about Io

Io is the fourth-largest Jovian moon and is one of the four Galilean satellites. It orbits closest to Jupiter and gets pulled by a gravitational tug-of-war between Jupiter and the other Galilean moons. The result is a process called “tidal heating” deep inside Io, produced by friction. That generates heat, which melts Io’s interior, and opens up vents so that the heat and melted material can escape to the surface.

An artist’s concept of the interior of Io. By Kelvinsong – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31526383

This little moon is mostly silicate rock atop an iron or iron sulfide core. The surface is scarred with volcanoes and deformed by compressional forces beneath the crust. The most obvious features are the volcanic mountains, plumes, and lava flows. Currently, Io’s volcanoes resurface the landscape at a rate of about 0.1 to 1.0 cm per year. They also paint its surface in an amazing array of colors. During the Voyager 2 flyby, people often compared its appearance to a pizza. The colors come mainly from sulfur and sulfurous compounds deposited across the landscape.

Normally, geologists would look at its surface and count craters to get an idea of its age. But, since volcanic flows erase craters, there’s no easy visual way to determine how long volcanic features have been around. However, it turns out that abundances of certain isotopes of sulfur and other elements could provide a good record the history of volcanism on Io.

Analyzing Io’s Chemistry

Io has probably lost mass to space throughout its history. de Kleer and her colleagues point out that its supply of volatile elements should be highly enriched in heavy stable isotopes. That’s because atmospheric escape processes generally favor the loss of lighter isotopes. They suggest that stable isotope measurements of volatile elements, such as sulfur and chlorine, could give accurate details about the history of volcanism at Io. So, it makes sense, then, to do a thorough chemical analysis of Io’s volcanic emissions now and extrapolate back.

Understanding Io’s current chemistry, requires, among other things, a good idea of its mass-loss history. Io’s mass loss occurs because of collisions between atmospheric molecules and energetic particles trapped in Jupiter’s magnetosphere. If this continued over Io’s history, then its chemistry should provide evidence of the volcanic past. In their paper, the team discusses the assumptions they made, including estimates of Io’s initial inventory of sulfur, as well as possible early mass-loss rates that could affect its current abundances of sulfur and chlorine—two elements that help determine past and present volcanism.

To get that history, team used the Atacama Large Millimeter Array to observe gases in Io’s atmosphere. The goal was to measure SO2, SO, NaCl, and KCl in various forms and determine the ratios of 34S to 32S and 37Cl to 35Cl. After analyzing the data, the team found that Io has lost at least 94 to 99 percent of its available sulfur over time. In addition, the measurements show enriched levels of chlorine. This probably indicates that Io has been volcanically active throughout time. It’s also possible that this tiny moon has experienced higher rates of outgassing and mass loss early in its history. More measurements should help scientists constrain Io’s volcanic activity even more tightly.

For More Information

Isotopic Evidence of Long-lived Volcanism on Io
Violent Volcanoes Have Wracked Jupiter’s Moon Io for Billions of Years

The post Io Has Been Volcanically Active for its Entire History appeared first on Universe Today.

There are some things that never cease to amaze me and the discovery of distant objects is one of them. The James Webb Space Telescope has just found the most distant galaxy ever observed! It has the catchy title JADES-GS-z14-0 and it has a redshift of 14.32. This means its light left when the Universe was only 290 million years old! That means the light left the source LOOOONG before even our Milky Way was here! How amazing is that!

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) with its 6.5m mirror was launched on 25 December 2021 and has quickly proven itself to be the most powerful space telescope ever built. It was designed to explore the Universe in visible and infrared radiation so that it could probe straight through dust to reveal hidden details behind. It is positioned at the second Lagrange point where the gravity of the Earth is balanced by the gravity of the Sun and it maintains a stable 1.5 million km from Earth. 

Artist impression of the James Webb Space Telescope

Over the last couple of years, astronomers have been using JWST to study the Cosmic Dawn! This period of time existed just a few hundred million years after the big bang but studying galaxies so far back in time required the sensitivity of the JWST. They provide valuable information about the gas and stars within and help to understand their formation. 

An international team were using JWST data that had been collected as part of the Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) using the Near-Infrared Spectrograph known as NIRSpec. They were able to acquire a spectrum of the galaxy revealing a redshift of 14.32. The redshift phenomenon occurs when the light from distant objects in space shift toward the red end of the spectrum. It was originally thought this was due to the movement but instead it is caused by the expansion of space. The greater the redshift, the faster the object is moving away and therefore the further away it is. 

The redshift of JADES-GS-z14-0 makes it the most distant galaxy known and it corresponds to the light having been emitted at a time when the Universe was just under 300 million years old. The team estimate the galaxy to be just over 1,600 light years across, that’s in comparison to the Milky Way which is thought to be 100,000 light years across. It is fairly typical of distant, early galaxies to be bright due to gas falling into a supermassive black hole but in the case of JADES-GS-z14-0 the light seems to be created by hot young stars. 

The image that has been released shows a field of thousands of distant galaxies of all manner of shapes, colours and sizes. One solitary bright star is visible in the foreground with the trademark diffraction spikes caused by the JWST optics. A box just to the lower right of centre highlights the location with the zoomed in image of the galaxy superimposed. The galaxy looks very different from those we tend to see in today’s Universe as it appears far less structured. 

Source : Webb finds most distant known galaxy

The post Webb Finds the Farthest Galaxy Ever Seen (So Far) appeared first on Universe Today.

Combining a new imaging instrument with the powerful adaptive optics capabilities of the Large Binocular Telescope, astronomers have captured a volcanic event on Jupiter's moon Io at a resolution never before achieved with Earth-based observations.

A technical achievement marks a significant advance in the burgeoning field of observing individual molecules without the aid of fluorescent labels. While these labels are useful in many applications, they alter molecules in ways that can obscure how they naturally interact with one another. The new label-free method makes the molecules so easy to detect, it is almost as if they had labels.

New research demonstrated a possible formation mechanism of intermediate-mass black holes in globular clusters, star clusters that could contain tens of thousands or even millions of tightly packed stars. The first ever star-by-star massive cluster-formation simulations revealed that sufficiently dense molecular clouds, the 'birthing nests' of star clusters, can give birth to very massive stars that evolve into intermediate-mass black holes.

Boeing's Starliner capsule had a helium leak in one of its thrusters, but it is still scheduled to launch on 1 June for its first crewed flight to the International Space Station

OMFG, as they say: the news just came down that Trump was convicted on all 34 felony counts in his New York hush-money trial. That’s 34 out of 34, and each conviction required unanimity among the jurors.  They deliberated for less than two days.

He will appeal, of course, but will he go to jail eventually?

He’s now a convicted felon. I can’t say I’m unhappy. Here are the details from yahoo! news:

Donald Trump was convicted of falsifying business records to influence the 2016 presidential campaign Thursday in a historic trial that saw a former U.S. president face criminal charges for the first time.

A New York jury found Trump guilty of 34 counts, related to a $130,000 payment made to adult film actress Stormy Daniels. The prosecution had alleged Daniels was paid to keep secret a 2006 tryst she had with Trump in order to influence the results of the 2016 election, which Trump ultimately won.

The trial lasted a month and a half and was plenty eventful. In addition to the fiery testimonies of Daniels and Trump’s former lawyer Michael Cohen, Trump was held in contempt of court 10 times and fined $10,000 for violating a gag order against attacking people involved with the trial. Many Republican leaders, including House Speaker Mike Johnson, traveled to New York to speak out in support of the 2024 Republican presidential candidate.

Trump, who did not testify in his defense, has yet to be sentenced in the case and is likely to appeal the verdict. The result may have an impact on Trump’s chances to reclaim the White House, however. Recent Yahoo News/YouGov polling suggested a conviction would hurt Trump in head-to-head polling against President Joe Biden.

Since it’s a state crime, he can’t pardon himself, either, even if he does get reelected.

Well, if conviction on 34 felony counts HELPS him win, then something is badly wrong with America.

And there are several more trials to go. .