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A team develops high-speed rotational scanning PACT system for monitoring whole-body biodynamic.

The discovery, centred around controlling tiny hurricanes of light and electromagnetic fields, could revolutionise how much information we can deliver over cables.

The discovery, centred around controlling tiny hurricanes of light and electromagnetic fields, could revolutionise how much information we can deliver over cables.

Researchers have succeeded in developing a microbial strain that efficiently produces pseudoaromatic polyester monomer to replace polyethylene terephthalate (PET) using systems metabolic engineering.

Why is the expansion of our Universe accelerating? Twenty-five years after its discovery, this phenomenon remains one of the greatest scientific mysteries. Solving it involves testing the fundamental laws of physics, including Albert Einstein's general relativity. Researchers compared Einstein's predictions with data from the Dark Energy Survey. Scientists discovered a slight discrepancy that varies with different periods in cosmic history. These results challenge the validity of Einstein's theories for explaining phenomena beyond our solar system on a universal scale.

Why is the expansion of our Universe accelerating? Twenty-five years after its discovery, this phenomenon remains one of the greatest scientific mysteries. Solving it involves testing the fundamental laws of physics, including Albert Einstein's general relativity. Researchers compared Einstein's predictions with data from the Dark Energy Survey. Scientists discovered a slight discrepancy that varies with different periods in cosmic history. These results challenge the validity of Einstein's theories for explaining phenomena beyond our solar system on a universal scale.

Where does the periodic table of chemical elements end and which processes lead to the existence of heavy elements? Researchers report on experiments to come closer to an answer. They gained insight into the structure of atomic nuclei of fermium (element 100) with different numbers of neutrons. Using forefront laser spectroscopy techniques, they traced the evolution of the nuclear charge radius and found a steady increase as neutrons were added to the nuclei. This indicates that localized nuclear shell effects have a reduced influence on the nuclear charge radius in these heavy nuclei

A robot, trained for the first time by watching videos of seasoned surgeons, executed the same surgical procedures as skillfully as the human doctors, say researchers.

A robot, trained for the first time by watching videos of seasoned surgeons, executed the same surgical procedures as skillfully as the human doctors, say researchers.

Engineers have found a way to make stronger and crack-resistant concrete with scrap carpet fibers, rolling out the red carpet for sustainability in the construction sector.

Plastics are inescapable in our daily lives. The vast amounts of plastic garbage heaped in landfills and in the environment, however, are as problematic as the plastics are useful. A research team has now introduced a new method for recycling polystyrene waste. Their efficient electrochemical process uses an inexpensive iron catalyst, produces hydrogen as a byproduct, and can be powered by solar panels.

How well a catalyst works often depends on the surface it is placed on. For years, it has been known that carbon substrates work well with precious metal catalysts, but it could never be properly explained. Now scientists managed to get to the bottom of this phenomenon -- with remarkable results: Metal atoms which are placed directly next to carbon are two hundred times more effective as catalysts.

Researchers have developed a new photocatalyst that could render steam methane reforming entirely emissions-free and extend catalyst lifetimes.

Most assessments of global warming use 1850-1900 as a baseline, but researchers have now established a new pre-industrial reference by using Antarctic ice cores to estimate the average temperature before 1700

Experiments show that illuminating the underside of a decoy seal reduces attacks by great white sharks, revealing a possible strategy to protect surfers and swimmers

Voyager 2 flew by Uranus in 1986, giving us our only up-close look at the planet – but unusual space weather just before the craft arrived has given us a misleading idea about the planet’s magnetic field

Extreme weather and a growing population is driving a food security crisis. What can we do to break the vicious cycle of carbon emissions, climate change and soaring food costs – or is it already too late?

Seven major datasets used to train audio-generating AI models are three times more likely to use the words "man" or "men" than "woman" or "women", raising fears of bias

Climate change is a huge topic and often debated across the world. We continue to burn fossil fuels and ignore our charge toward human driven climate change but while our behaviour never seems to improve, something else does! For the last few decades we have been pumping chlorofluorocarbons into the atmosphere causing a hole in the ozone layer to form. Thanks largely to worldwide regulation changes and a reduction in the use of these chemicals, the hole it seems is finally starting to get smaller. 

The ozone layer is the protective shield in Earth’s stratosphere. It’s about 15 to 35 kilometres above the Earth and its presence helps to protect us by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation. The region is mostly ozone composed of three oxygen molecules and it filters out the UV-B and UV-C radiation which can lead to skin cancer, cataracts and can even damage parents crops. The rest of the atmosphere is composed mostly of nitrogen gas (78%), oxygen (21%) and a few other gasses making up the remaining 1%. 

A view of Earth’s atmosphere from space. Credit: NASA

In the late 20th century scientists found that certain chemicals like the well known chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) were slowly destroying the layer. This resulted in seasonal holes appearing in the ozone especially over Antarctica. In 1987, the Montreal Protocol international treaty was signed to curb the global release of CFC’s and other ozone harmful gas. 

Just recently, a team of scientists from NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) have confirmed that the hole in the ozone layer over the south pole was relatively small compared to previous years. During the month of September to October, when the ozone depletion process is at its peak, it was the 7th smallest hole since 1992. An average season sees an incredible 20 million square kilometres of ozone depletion. The teams data even suggests the layer could fully recover by 2066. 

To collect the data the team uses a number of systems. A number of satellites (Aura, NOAA-20, NOAA-21 and Suomi NPP) are used to collect data from orbit. In addition they use weather balloons which are launched from the South Pole Baseline Atmospheric Observatory to directly measure ozone concentrations. 

Geostationary orbits are where telecommunication satellites and other monitoring satellites operate. This image shows one of the NOAA’s Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites. Image Credit: NOAA.

The measurements are captured as Dobson Units. One Dobson Unit is equivalent to the number of ozone molecules that would be needed to create a layer of pure ozone 0.01 millimetres thick. Of course temperature and pressure would effect this so the measurement is based on a layer at 0 degrees Celsius and 1 atmosphere (the average pressure of atmosphere at surface of Earth.) In 2024, the measurement in October 2024 was 109 Dobson Units in comparison to the lowest ever value of 92 Dobson Units in 2006. 

The Montreal Protocol certainly seems to be making a difference seeing a significant and continuous decline in CFCs. This, along with an infusion of ozone from north of Antarctica have combined to reverse the depletion. 

Source : Ozone Hole Continues Healing in 2024

The post Good News, the Ozone Layer Hole is Continuing to Shrink appeared first on Universe Today.

Reaching net-zero emissions is essential for halting climate change - but even after we achieve this goal, parts of the planet will continue to warm. Delaying net zero will worsen these effects