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I arose a the ungodly hour of 3:45 a.m. showered, dressed, checked my luggage, and then took an Uber to O’Hare. Traffic was sparse and I got here 2.5 hours early, so here’s the post.

Notable events: I have to take malaria medication, and my doctor said I should take one pill a day (they’re big and bitter) starting three days before I arrive and continuing for a week thereafter. Believe me, you don’t want to get malaria! I have also taken my requisite four typhoid pills, got a preventive Covid shot and the first two doses of the Hepatitis B vaccine (the last dose will be three months after I return). I also have iodine pills to disinfect water. I don’t want to get sick on my Big Trip to See Animals.

I’ll be in Capetown for about eight days staying with old friends Martim and Rita (both biologists) who have a lovely cottage overlooking the ocean.  During this time we’ll have a four-day field trip in the area, but I’m not quite sure of all the details.

Besides that, my plans include the usual tourist sites: visiting Robben Island to see the cell where Nelson Mandela spent 27 years of his life, visiting the Cape Penguins (Spheniscus demersus) to add another penguin to my life list (there are about six on it now), going atop Table Mountain, and seeing the unusual flora in the fynbos region (one of only a few floral regions in the world, and the smallest one), described this way:

One of only six floral kingdoms in the world and unique to this small area, the region supports over 9,000 plant species, 70% of which are found nowhere else on the planet. These include exquisite species such as the king protea (South Africa’s national flower) and exotic pincushions.

Here’s a king protea (Protea cynaroides):

Stan Shebs, CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

After Capetown I fly north for the Animal Expedition. Thanks for my friend Rosemary, I have booked my own stay in a game lodge (yes, a fancy one) for a few days, which provides two animal-viewing trips per day as well as bushwalks on foot.  Then it’s on to a two-day river trip (I’m not quite sure of the details, but it’s supposed to be lovely), and then three of us will drive through Kruger Park, again looking for animals and staying in basic accommodations.

Seeing the “Big Five” animals is the goal of all travelers; they are the lion, the Cape Buffalo, the leopard, the rhino, and of course the elephant. Of these, the secretive leopard is the hardest to see, but lions and elephants are normally on tap.

I will also see the Common Warthog, which really should be one of the Big Five. At last I’ll be able to see Ozy, who is still dominating the area and eating well.

Finally, a friend of Martim who studies the Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis), a corker of a bird, promised to show them to us toward the end of the month. Here’s a video of this remarkable species:

After all this I’ll return to Capetown for a day or two, and then back to America, where, thank Ceiling Cat, I’ll have missed all the crazy politics that will ensue for a month.

The next trip after that is the CSICon meetings in Las Vegas in October, where I’ll be giving a talk and then heading to southern Utah to visit a friend. In December I go to Poland to give two invited talks at a popular-science meeting in Silesia, and of course to visit my friends Malgorzata, Andrzej, Hili, Kulka, and Szaron in Dobrzyn.  After that, a trip to New York for a Heterodox Academy panel, and, in July of 2025, a trip to the Arctic—another goal on the bucket list.

So it goes. I am glad to be free of the craziness that is American politics for a while and relax in nature.  I will post as I can, but if the internet is rare, or I don’t have time, rest assured that there will be animal photos when I return. As always, I do my best.

While PCC(E) is travelling, I will be posting Hili every day, with occasional additions as the mood (and time) takes me. Jerry will post when he can. For today, however, it’s “just” Hili! –  Matthew

Meanwhile in Dobrzyn, Szaron and Hili are on the track of a talpinid…

Szaron: I can barely wait. Hili: What for? Szaron: When this mole will come to the surface. In Polish: Szaron: Nie mogę się doczekać.
Hili: Na co?
Szaron: Kiedy ten kret wyjrzy na powierzchnię.

Horses experience hyperflexion when their necks bend far towards their chests – forcing this position can hurt a horse but when it happens naturally it can be harmless

Scientists are improving 3D concrete printing construction technology with rigorous research to make printable materials stronger, more sustainable and better performing.

In 2004, scientists at the University of Manchester first isolated and investigated graphene, the supermaterial composed of single-layer carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice. Since then, it has become a wonder, with properties that make it extremely useful in numerous applications. Among scientists, it is generally believed that about 1.9% of carbon in the interstellar medium (ISM) exists in the form of graphene, with its shape and structure determined by the process of its formation.

As it happens, there could be lots of this supermaterial on the surface of the Moon. In a recent study, researchers from the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) revealed naturally formed graphene arranged in a special thin-layered structure on the Moon. These findings could have drastic implications for our understanding of how the Moon formed and lead to new methods for the manufacture of graphene, with applications ranging from electronics, power storage, construction, and supermaterials. They could also prove useful for future missions that will create permanent infrastructure on the lunar surface.

The team was led by professors Wei Zhang and Meng Zou from the Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering and the Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials at Jilin University, Jilin University senior engineer Xiujuan Li, and Wencai Ren from the CAS’ Institute of Metal Research (CAS-ISM). They were joined by colleagues from multiple Key Laboratories at Jilin University, the CAS-ISM, the Deep Space Exploration Lab, and the Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Center. The paper that describes their findings appeared in the National Science Review.

For decades, scientists have speculated that the Earth-Moon system was formed from a massive collision – the Giant Impact Hypothesis – between a Mars-sized body (Theia) and Earth roughly 4.4 billion years ago. This theory is supported by analyses of the moon rocks returned by the Apollo astronauts, which led to the notion of a carbon-depleted. However, recent findings have come to challenge this consensus based on the observation of global carbon ion fluxes on the Moon, which suggest the presence of indigenous carbon.

These observations are consistent with the analysis of one of the Apollo 17 samples that showed the presence of graphite. For their study, the team conducted a spectroscopic analysis of an olive-shaped sample of lunar soil (measuring about 2.9 mm by 1.6 mm) retrieved by the Chang’e 5 mission in 2020. This was China’s third robotic mission to reach the lunar surface and its first sample return from the Moon. From the spectra they obtained, they found an iron compound in a carbon-rich section of the sample that is closely related to the formation of graphene.

Upon further analysis using advanced microscopic and mapping technologies, they confirmed that the carbon in the sample was graphene flakes two to seven layers thick. In terms of how it got there, the team proposed that the graphene may have formed during a period of volcanic activity early in the Moon’s history when it was still geologically active. They further hypothesize that the graphene was catalyzed by solar winds that kicked up the lunar regolith and its iron-containing minerals, which could have helped transform the carbon’s atomic structure.

They also allow for the possibility of meteorite impacts, which are also known to create high-temperature and high-pressure environments similar to volcanic activity. As they state in their paper:

“Graphene is embedded as individual flakes or formed as part of a carbon shell enclosing the mineral particles. Our result reveals one typical structure of indigenous carbon in the Moon and its formation mechanism has been proposed. This finding may reinvent the understanding of chemical components, geography episodes and the history of the Moon.”

Artist’s impression of the interior of the Moon. Credit: Hernán Cañellas/Benjamin Weiss

These findings could also have a tremendous impact on research here on Earth, where graphene is being investigated for applications ranging from electronics and mechanics to materials science. As they indicate in their study, this study could lead to new methods for inexpensively producing the material and offer additional opportunities for lunar exploration:

“The identification of graphene in the core–shell structure suggests a bottom-up synthesis process rather than exfoliation, which generally involves a high-temperature catalytic reaction. Therefore, a formation mechanism of few-layer graphene and graphitic carbon is proposed here…

“In turn, the mineral-catalysed formation of natural graphene sheds light on the development of low-cost scalable synthesis techniques for high-quality graphene. Therefore, a new lunar exploration program may be promoted and some forthcoming breakthroughs can be expected.”

These findings could also prove useful for future missions that will lead to the development of permanent infrastructure on the lunar surface. This includes NASA’s Artemis Program, which aims to create a “sustained program of lunar exploration and development.” There’s also the ESA’s Moon Village initiative and China and Russia’s plan for an International Lunar Research Station (ILRS). In addition to exploration and scientific research, these programs could conduct experiments on the properties and uses of graphene, which could include the manufacture of lunar habitats!

Further Reading: EurekAlert!, National Science Review

The post China's Lunar Samples Contain Graphene Flakes appeared first on Universe Today.

The bacterium Alcaligenes faecalis was first discovered in faeces – but it turns out to have healing properties for the chronic wounds that affect people with diabetes

When NASA’s DART mission intentionally slammed into Dimorphos in September 2022, the orbit of the moonlet was altered. Researchers have studied the photos and data taken by DART before its impact, learning more about the geology of the Didymos/Dimorphos system. They have now estimated the surface age of both the asteroid and its moon. The asteroid Didymos has a surface age of 12.5 million years, while the moon Dimorphos is only 300,000 years old.

Additionally, the DART researchers concluded both Didymos and Dimorphos are rubble piles, with Dimorphos likely inheriting its boulders from Didymos.

“It’s a pile of gravel and boulders (and some sand/dust) held together by its own gravity, and really not anything else,” said Andy Rivkin, DART investigation team co-lead at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab (APL), on Bluesky. “There’s really no cohesion between different pieces of gravel or rocks on Dimorphos.”

That makeup explains why DART’s impact made such a such a surprising change in Dimorphos’ orbital period, decreasing it by about 34 minutes. A collection of boulders is easier to shift than a solid object.

Several DART researchers published five papers in Nature Communications, looking at the geology and geophysics of Didymos and Dimorphos as seen by DART.

“These findings give us new insights into the ways that asteroids can change over time,” said Thomas Statler, lead scientist for Solar System Small Bodies at NASA Headquarters in Washington, in a NASA press release. “This is important not just for understanding the near-Earth objects that are the focus of planetary defense, but also for our ability to read the history of our Solar System from these remnants of planet formation. This is just part of the wealth of new knowledge we’ve gained from DART.”

In “The geology and evolution of the Near-Earth binary asteroid system (65803) Didymos,” Olivier Barnouin, Ronald-Louis Ballouz, also of APL, and their team were able to determine the disparate ages of Didymos and Dimorphos. They also found that both objects have weak surface characteristics, which very likely contributed to DART’s significant impact on the moonlet’s orbit.

“The images and data that DART collected at the Didymos system provided a unique opportunity for a close-up geological look at a near-Earth asteroid binary system,” said Barnouin, in a press release from APL. “From these images alone, we were able to infer a great deal of information on geophysical properties of both Didymos and Dimorphos, and expand our understanding of the formation of these two asteroids. We also better understand why DART was so effective in moving Dimorphos.”

In five new Nature Communications papers, the team behind @NASA's successful #DARTMission sheds new light on the structure and origins of the asteroid system encountered in 2022. https://t.co/G7x5tQyriq@NASASolarSystem @AsteroidWatch pic.twitter.com/i82oxbrXxw

— Johns Hopkins APL (@JHUAPL) July 30, 2024 Based on the internal and surface properties described in Barnouin et al. (2024), this video demonstrates how the spin-up of asteroid Didymos could have led to the growth of its equatorial ridge and the formation of the smaller asteroid Dimorphos, seen orbiting the former near the end of the clip. Particles are colored according to their speeds, with the scale shown at the top, along with the continually changing spin period of Didymos. Credit: University of Michigan/Yun Zhang and Johns Hopkins APL/Olivier Barnouin

Images captured by DART and its cubesat companion the LICIACube – contributed by the Italian Space Agency (ASI)  — showed Dimorphos’ topography covered with boulders of varying sizes, while the larger asteroid Didymos was smoother at lower elevations, though rocky at higher elevations. It also had more craters than Dimorphos. The authors inferred that Dimorphos likely spun off from Didymos in a large mass shedding event.

This was confirmed in another paper, “Evidence for multi-fragmentation and mass shedding of boulders on rubble-pile binary asteroid system (65803) Didymos.” Maurizio Pajola, of the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) in Rome, and team show how both Didymos and Dimorphos are mainly comprised of a collection of boulders. This team concluded that the formation of Dimorphos likely came as Didymos shed material, creating a new asteroid moonlet.

“The size-frequency distribution of boulders larger than 5 meters on Dimorphos and larger than 22.8 meters on Didymos confirms that both asteroids are piles of fragments produced in the catastrophic disruption of their progenitors,” the team wrote. “This finding supports the hypothesis that some asteroid binary systems form through the spin up and mass shedding of a fraction of the primary asteroid.”

In another paper, “Fast boulder fracturing by thermal fatigue detected on stony asteroids” Alice Lucchetti, also of INAF, and colleagues found that the size and distribution of boulders on Dimorphos is consistant with thermal fatigue, which is the gradual weakening and cracking of a material caused by heat. This could rapidly break up boulders on the surface of Dimorphos, generating surface lines and altering the physical characteristics of this type of asteroid more quickly than previously thought. The DART mission was likely the first observation of such a phenomenon on this type of asteroid.

Thermal fatigue could also have a bearing on what happens if this type of asteroid would need to be deflected for planetary defense.

“The presence of boulder fields affected by thermal fracturing on near-Earth asteroid surfaces may contribute to an enhancement in the ejected mass and momentum from kinetic impactors when deflecting asteroids,” the authors wrote.

a. The approximate equator (dashed magenta line), example boulder tracks (magenta arrows) and likely boulders (white arrows) on the surface of Didymos. b. The 15 boulder tracks identified on the surface of Didymos are indicated by the magenta lines. Credit: Bigot, Lombardo et al.

Another paper, “The bearing capacity of asteroid (65803) Didymos estimated from boulder tracks” led by students Jeanne Bigot and Pauline Lombardo of ISAE-SUPAERO in Toulouse, France show that the bearing capacity — the surface’s ability to support applied loads of asteroid Didymos’ surface is only 0.1% that of dry sand on Earth. NASA said that this is considered an important parameter for understanding and predicting the response of a surface, including for the purposes of displacing an asteroid.

Finally, “Mechanical properties of rubble pile asteroids through surface boulder morphological analysis” by Colas Robin, also of ISAE-SUPAERO, and co-authors analyzed the surface boulders on Dimorphos, comparing them with those on other rubble pile asteroids, including Itokawa, Ryugu and Bennu. The researchers found “stiking similarities” the boulders on all four asteroids, suggesting they all formed and evolved in a similar fashion, and were also changed by impacts. This data, too, informs future planetary defense missions or attempts at impactor missions.

“Planetary defense efforts rely on estimates of the mechanical properties of asteroids, which are difficult to constrain accurately from Earth,” the team wrote. “The mechanical properties of asteroid material are also important in the interpretation of the DART impact.”  

All the DART researchers team will continue to observe and study DART’s impact. Additionally, another spacecraft will launch in 2024 to study Dimorphos even closer. ESA’s Hera mission should arrive at Didymos and Dimorphos in December 2026. Hera will undertake a detailed study of Dimorphos to understand more deeply how the impact affected it.

• The Geology and Evolution of the Near-Earth Binary Asteroid System (65803) Didymos
• Evidence for Multi-Fragmentation and Mass Shedding of Boulders on Rubble-Pile Binary Asteroid System (65803) Didymos
• Fast Boulder Fracturing by Thermal Fatigue Detected on Stony Asteroids
• The Bearing Capacity of Asteroid (65803) Didymos Estimated from Boulder Tracks
• Mechanical Properties of Rubble Pile asteroids (Dimorphos, Itokawa, Ryugu, and Bennu) Through Surface Boulder Morphological Analysis

The post The Surface of Dimorphos is Surprisingly New appeared first on Universe Today.

Technologies for enabling NASA’s Artemis mission are coming thick and fast, as plenty of problems must be solved before a permanent human presence on the Moon can be established. A novel idea from Honeybee Robotics, one of the most prominent space technology companies now owned by Blue Origin, could solve plenty of them with one piece of infrastructure. The Lunar Utility Navigation with Advanced Remote Sensing and Autonomous Beaming for Energy Redistribution, or LUNARSABER (which must have been named by someone who really likes Star Wars), is a 100m tall pole that can hold one ton of equipment on top of it. It could serve as a central power, communications, and lighting hub of an Artemis base and part of a mesh network with other places of interest on the Lunar surface. 

Let’s start with the enabling tech of LUNARSABER itself. No rocket can hold a 100-meter-tall tower and land it on the Moon, and building such a tower on the lunar surface without any existing infrastructure would also be almost impossible. So Honeybee will leverage another existing technology—the Deployable Interlocking Actuated Bands for Linear Operations, or DIABLO system (maybe someone at Honeybee also likes Blizzard Entertainment games).

DIABLO uses a rolled piece of metal and bends it into a deployable cylindrical structure that supports heavy payloads. In this case, that structure serves as the base for LUNARSABER. But the secret sauce is what that structure enables. Let’s take a look at what goes along the sides first.

This video from Honeybee describes the LUNARSABER project in detail.
Credit – Honeybee Robotics YouTube Channel

Since power is such an important thing on the Moon, it seems evident that putting solar panels along the sides is the most useful, and that is precisely what Honeybee is doing. In a recently released video, they discuss two types of solar panel deployments. One looks like a yo-yo extended from the top payload holder of the LUNARSABER tower. This methodology would entirely envelop the metallic structure underneath but allow access to the Sun at all angles. Alternatively, the top part of the 100m tower could deploy its booms that hold traditional solar panels and then track where the Sun is as it makes its 14-day journey across the lunar sky.

Honeybee’s engineers estimate it could produce about 100kW of power using these techniques, but it also has some other advantages. Some parts of the lunar poles are bathed in eternal sunlight – or are very close to being so. At these places, a tall pole would capture at least some sunlight almost 95% of the time. Admittedly, the sunlight would only hit the top part of LUNARSABER, significantly decreasing its overall power output. However, having some power during the cold lunar night is undoubtedly better than not having any and relying on batteries for survival.

Supplying power is only one part of what LUNARSABER does, though. It has four main other capabilities:

1. It can beam power to other devices
2. It can track those other devices
3. It can communicate with a wide range of assets
4. It can provide light for those assets.

Fraser discusses how power beaming works with Dr. Stephen Sweeney.

Let’s tackle the first one first. Power beaming is all the rage in the space technology community, partly due to recent successful tests by Caltech and the US’s Naval Research Laboratory. This technology could be applied to LUNARSABER as well. If one mast is bathed in sunlight while another lingers in shadow, the one with excess power can beam power to the one needing it. Additionally, that power beaming can occur between the LUNARSABER and individual assets such as rovers or astronauts in spacesuits. If one needs a power fill-up, a 100m tower with a power beaming system on top of it could provide that fill-up over a vast area very effectively.

Beaming power effectively to those assets requires the LUNARSABER to know where they are, though. That’s where the second enabling technology comes in. It can use a series of sensors to find and track different assets as they operate around the LUNARSABER tower. Anything with a direct line of sight could be tracked and powered directly by the tower itself. 

Line of sight is also helpful for the subsequent use case but unnecessary. LUNARSABER could serve as a kind of lunar cell phone tower, enabling wireless communication between the assets in its network. This prototype internet allows different rovers to coordinate together or an astronaut in one part of the base to issue a command to a rover in a different part.

Fraser discusses the importance of having capabilities and infrastructure set up properly for exploration.

Finally, to issue those commands, it would be helpful for astronauts to see where they’re going. It’d also be helpful for rovers, as many of their science missions would otherwise have to wait out the two-week lunar darkness. Floodlights on the top of LUNARSABER could provide visible light to these astronauts and rovers, allowing them to effectively perform their activities whether it’s lunar night or not.

Another aspect of LUNARSABER that utilizes a few of the different applications mentioned above is combining several towers in a line-of-sight mesh, which would allow both communication and power to be beamed from literally the other side of the Moon. This enables two main applications that have proven a thorn in Lunar Exploration’s side: constant solar power and constant communication with Earth.

Since at least half of the Moon is always lit up, if engineers strategically place LUNARSABERs around the surface of the Moon, there should always be at least one in full sunlight. That one sunlight tower could then wirelessly transmit power to another tower in its line of sight. That process could continue until the power is beamed back to the main Artemis base, providing power even in the cold lunar dark.

A LUNARSABER could serve as a streetlight on the Moon during its two week dark period, as show in this artist’s rendition.
Credit – Honeybee Robotics

Explorations on the other side of the Moon are also tricky, limiting the area of scientific inquiry primarily to the side directly facing us. However, a strategically set-up mesh of LUNARSABERS would allow communication back to Earth, even with assets exploring the “dark” side of the Moon that faces us. 

As Vishnu Sangiepalli, the PI on the LUNARSABER, put it in the recent video, “the best way to describe the LUNARSABER would be a Swiss Army Knife.” These multifunctional tools have been a mainstay in explorers’ pockets for decades, and LUNARSABER helps match their versatility and flexibility to solve the problems facing the new lunar explorers.

Learn More:
Sanigepalli et al. – LUNARSABER: Lunar Utility with Navigation, Advanced Remote Sensing, and Autonomous Beaming for Energy Redistribution
Honeybee Robotics – Honeybee Robotics to Develop LUNARSABER for DARPA’s LunA-10 Program
UT – Does Beaming Power in Space Make Sense at the Moon?
UT – Exploring the Moon’s Shadowed Regions Using Beamed Energy
UT – Wireless Power Transmission Could Enable Exploration of the Far Side of the Moon

Lead Image:
LUNARSABERS configured in a mesh network to beam power and communications to various points of interest on the lunar surface.
Credit – Honeybee Robotics

The post A Tower On The Moon Could Provide Astronauts With Light, Power, and Guidance appeared first on Universe Today.

There’s something wrong with us.

We’ve risen to prominence on a world that’s positively “rippling with life,” as Carl Sagan described it. The more we study our planet, the more we find life eking out an existence in the most unlikely of places.

Yet we seem destined to drive many species to extinction, even though we see those extinctions coming from miles away.

As an indication of how serious the problem is, one group of researchers suggests we use the Moon—yes, the Moon—as a safe repository for Earth’s biodiversity.

The idea makes sense technically—samples of Earth life can be preserved cryogenically on the Moon—but it also sounds like something out of a Kurt Vonnegut novel. At first glance, it seems like an absurd proposal. However, as Camus explained, acknowledging absurdity is the starting point for genuine understanding.

Camus and Vonnegut are both dead, so it’s up to living scientists to prepare for the odious task of preventing a catastrophic reduction in Earth’s biodiversity. They’re taking it seriously.

In a new paper in the journal BioScience, a diverse group of scientists from the USA outline their plan. The paper is “Safeguarding Earth’s biodiversity by creating a lunar biorepository.” The first author is Mary Hagedorn, a Senior Research Cryobiologist at the Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute in Washington, DC.

“Earth’s biodiversity is increasingly threatened and at risk,” the authors write, shocking no one.

This graph shows extinction rates are rising along with the human population and industrial activity. Image Credit: Earth.org

Human activities are behind species extinction. “Because of myriad anthropogenic drivers, a high proportion of species and ecosystems face destabilization and extinction threats that are accelerating faster than our ability to save these species in their natural environment,” the authors write.

Their proposal is to build a biorepository on the Moon that can hold “prioritized taxa of live cryopreserved samples.” Not only would the biorepository protect Earth’s precious, wondrous biodiversity, but it would also serve space exploration and terraforming.

The researchers are in the initial stages of exploring the idea. They intend to test the cryopreservation of animal skin samples containing fibroblast cells. Fibroblasts are the main connective tissue cells in bodies, present in the skin, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and bones.

Fibroblasts are not stem cells, but they share some similarities with stem cells. They’re the only other type of cell that can regenerate tissues and organs and create copies of themselves. Fibroblasts are also used in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. They’re widely used in research and are sometimes called the “workhorses” of cell culture.

Cryopreserved fibroblasts can stay frozen and alive for hundreds of years. Scientists are getting better at thawing cryopreserved materials to recover DNA and intact cells. They’re even able to thaw living organisms. In this 2018 research, coral larvae were cryopreserved, then warmed, and then resumed swimming. This 2023 research showed similar success. These efforts were both aimed at preserving Earth’s coral biodiversity. The scientific community is clearly concerned, and momentum is building.

“In the face of potential catastrophic ecosystem loss, such as coral reefs from climate-related warming, we propose the creation of a lunar biorepository to maintain samples in a cryopreserved state with little human intervention,” the authors of the new research write.

There’s nowhere on Earth with temperatures naturally low enough for cryopreservation. But the Moon is much different.

The authors point out that the Moon’s southern polar region is nearly ideal for a “hands-off” biorepository. In some craters there, the temperature is quite stable, with only small seasonal fluctuations. The temperature stays at or below -196 Celsius (-320 F), which is the temperature for liquid nitrogen and is considered the ideal temperature for cryopreservation.

This shaded relief image shows the Moon’s Shackleton Crater, a 21-km-wide crater permanently shadowed crater near the lunar south pole. The crater’s interior structure is shown in false colour based on data from NASA’s LRO probe. Like other craters in the region, Shackleton’s floor is in perpetual darkness, and the temperature is extremely low. Image Credit: NASA

The researchers envision a vault that could protect Earth’s most at-risk species. In the future, other plant and animal species will be added. “Our goal is to cryopreserve most animal species on Earth,” they write. A parallel goal is to preserve Earth species that can be used in future terraforming. “The biorepository could store biomaterials for food, filtration, microbial breakdown, and ecosystems engineering,” they explain.

There’s precedent for this type of thinking and this type of initiative: The Doomsday Vault.

In 2008, the Norwegian government opened the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. It’s a repository for seeds that protects crop diversity. It holds backup seeds preserved in other genebanks around the world. The vault has the capacity to store 4.5 million different seed samples, each holding up to 500 individual seeds. It is built into the side of a mountain on Spitsbergen Island in Norway’s Svalbard Archipelago. It maintains an ideal seed-preserving temperature of -18°C (-0.4°F). At only 1300 km from the North Pole, the site is kept cold in permafrost even if climate control fails.

The Svalbard Global Seed Vault has room to preserve 4.5 million types of seeds. Image Credit: Crop Trust.

The Lunar Biorepository isn’t the first proposal to protect Earth’s biodiversity on the Moon. In 2021, researchers proposed the Lunar Ark, a facility in lunar lava tubes that could preserve the seeds, sperms, eggs, and DNA of endangered Earth life. But lunar lava tubes aren’t naturally as cold as polar craters, and the idea relies on solar power for energy. That means it’s susceptible to failure.

But at the naturally cold temperatures at the lunar pole, power failure isn’t an issue.

Initially, the Lunar Biorepository would hold endangered animal taxa. After that, it would need to expand and include plants since they’re critical to rebuilding ecosystems.

This list from the research shows what samples would be included initially in the Lunar Biorepository. Image Credit: Hagedorn et al. 2024.

The researchers are starting by developing an exemplar system to extract and cryopreserve tissue from the Starry Goby, a fish native to Hawaii. Previous researchers have shown that the species responds well to cryopreservation.

“Our vision is that these fibroblasts would be distributed into a variety of space-hardy cryopackaging and tested under space-like conditions on Earth. Candidate packaging for the cells would be tested next on the ISS,” the researchers state.

This graphic from the study shows the proposed process. Fins and DNA samples are collected from Starry Gobies, and cells can be either stored or expanded into fibroblasts. The fibroblasts can be cryopreserved and stored at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, where they can be preserved for decades or longer. Then, they can be expanded into fibroblasts and cryopreserved again and tested on Earth again. The samples can then be sent to the ISS or its successor one day for testing, then returned to Earth again to test the system’s viability and to look for DNA changes. Image Credit: Hagedorn et al. 2024.

The Lunar Repository could offer protection that goes beyond the scientific. By virtue of its remote lunar location, it’s protected from Earthly climate disasters and natural disasters like Earthquakes. Human affairs can also be extremely messy and catastrophic, and in a deep crater at the lunar south pole, the repository would be isolated from political upheaval or war.

The authors recognize the many challenges involved, mostly technical. But the endeavour is a long-term one, so there’s time to solve problems.

“This is a decades-long program,” the authors write. “Realizing a lunar biorepository will require collaboration by a broad array of nations, cultural groups, agencies, and international stakeholders to develop acceptable sample holding, governance, and long-term plans.”

But the Moon is attracting a lot of attention and effort, and this project can be an important part of it all.

“Protecting Earth’s life must be a top priority,” they conclude.

The post Scientists Want to Use the Moon to Safeguard Earth’s Biodiversity appeared first on Universe Today.

Turning around and backing up out of pools found in tree hollows may help mating Charles Darwin’s frogs find a safe place to lay their eggs while fending off competitive males

Antarctica’s melting ice sheet is relieving pressure on the land beneath, allowing it to push upwards in a way that could slow sea level rise in coming centuries – but only if greenhouse gas emissions are low

Scientists say they have identified the main process that formed the moon's atmosphere and continues to sustain it today. The team reports that the lunar atmosphere is primarily a product of 'impact vaporization.'

As I’ve said a few times, I’m leaving tomorrow for South Africa, where I’ll spend a month traveling about and seeing the animals. Matthew has agreed to post the Hili dialogue (short form) every day, so there will be at least something to see. And I will post as often as practicable when it doesn’t interfere with my planned activities.

In the meantime, Matthew might initiate a discussion thread, but there will be no readers’ wildlife or Caturday felids until I return. I’ll ask readers that if you have post-worthy wildlife photos, please hold onto them until early September.

A bit of news: Botany Pond is nearly done with construction, though landscaping has yet to come. There will be ducks next year!

In the meantime, best wishes to all and you’ll hear from me when I’m in Africa (and maybe before).

Short-lived neutron stars may explain both the extreme magnetic fields of black holes and gamma ray bursts, the most powerful explosions in the universe

After Claudine Gay’s deep-sixing as Harvard’s President, Alan Garber, trained as a physician, was asked to serve as interim President until the Harvard Corporation could find a replacement. He took office on January 2 of this year, and has been holding down the fort.  I had assumed the search would be fairly rapid, but alumni just got this message from a Corporation member, Penny Pritzker (she’s also the sister of Illinois’ governor, J. B. Pritzker, touted as one candidate for Democratic VP).

It notes that Garber is staying on for another three years, ending his tenure in the summer of 2027. I’m not sure what this means other than that an obvious candidate didn’t present themselves or that selected people turned down the position. (The salary and prestige are high, but so are the risks.) At any rate, Here are the beginning and end of Pritzker’s email. Note that he is now called the President and not Interim President, though in effect he is interim as they say the search is proceeding. What’s strange is that the search isn’t going to begin for two years.

Dear Members of the Harvard Community,

Following a meeting of the governing boards earlier today, my colleagues and I are very pleased to let you know that Alan Garber, our interim president since January, will serve as president of the University through the end of the 2026-27 academic year. We plan to launch a full-scale search for his eventual successor in the late spring or summer of 2026.

After serving with distinction as Harvard’s provost for more than twelve years, Alan has done an outstanding job leading Harvard through extraordinary challenges since taking on his interim presidential duties seven months ago. We have asked him to hold the title of president, not just interim president, both to recognize his distinguished service to the University and to underscore our belief that this is a time not merely for steady stewardship but for active, engaged leadership.

. . . . Alan’s talents and experience position him well to guide us in this vital work. Along with my colleagues on the governing boards, I hope you will offer him your concerted support, and I thank all of you—faculty, students, staff, alumni, and friends—for all you do for Harvard.

Sincerely,
Penny Pritzker
Senior Fellow, Harvard Corporation

Why does the universe contain matter and (virtually) no antimatter? Scientists have achieved an experimental breakthrough in this context. It can contribute to measuring the mass and magnetic moment of antiprotons more precisely than ever before -- and thus identify possible matter-antimatter asymmetries. They have developed a trap, which can cool individual antiprotons much more rapidly than in the past.

Why does the universe contain matter and (virtually) no antimatter? Scientists have achieved an experimental breakthrough in this context. It can contribute to measuring the mass and magnetic moment of antiprotons more precisely than ever before -- and thus identify possible matter-antimatter asymmetries. They have developed a trap, which can cool individual antiprotons much more rapidly than in the past.

A team has developed a new way to 3D print material that is at once elastic enough to withstand a heart's persistent beating, tough enough to endure the crushing load placed on joints, and easily shapable to fit a patient's unique defects.

Researchers have unveiled a new loop heat pipe capable of transporting up to 10 kW of heat without using electric power. The loop heat pipe's design aims to contribute to energy savings and carbon neutrality in various fields, including waste heat recovery, solar heat utilization, electric vehicle thermal management, and data center cooling.

Physicists have discovered two new ways to improve organic semiconductors. They found a way to remove more electrons from the material than previously possible and used unexpected properties in an environment known as the non-equilibrium state, boosting its performance for use in electronic devices.